Term
| When Virginia colonists began moving away from the coastal plain and into the piedmont, violence with indigenous people escalated. Discuss.(Key topics) |
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Definition
Territorial conflict - Tributary Status.
Trade.
Enslavement. |
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Term
| Tributary Status (Territorial conflict) |
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Definition
Consolidation of settlements, ex: Powhatan, under Wahunsonacock Shefveland Pg 10. Increase population density and the Anglo-Powhatan War, breakdown of the Powhatan paramountcy
Add to dictionary, Battle of Bloody Run and Bacon - Totopotomoy dies in Bloody run (as well as many Pamunkey people), Cockacosekse takes over but Bacon’s Rebellion occurred and he goes on a hunt for her and to break down the tributary system (Shefveland 53) |
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Term
| Persistent encroachment into the Interior by the British. (Territorial conflict) |
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Definition
| Indians ‘damage’ English lands via hunting, traveling and trading (even if the land is tributary): English are to settle with weroances but more often attack close Native settlements (Shefveland 19) |
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Term
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Definition
⦁Skin and slave trade, exchanged for weapons and ammunition, development of the shatter zones
⦁“Acquiring European weapons and using those weapons to achieve dominance in the region allowed Native groups to control European traders’ access to the interior” Shefveland 31
⦁Abraham Wood: capitalizes on Native conflict, sees it as beneficial to English trade (especially slaves), Same for Byrd
⦁Vengeance and blood law/revenge, important to the societies of the Native Southerners Shefveland 77 |
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Term
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Definition
⦁The Westo Indians: Migrated down from Lake Erie to the James River (and later s. Georgia) - “refugee nation” and dominated the slave trade in the Native South.
⦁Hunting cultures and coming of age: men prove themselves via hunting and war, rise of hyper masculine tribes (ie: the Westo) and increase warfare/slave trade
⦁“Militarized Native slaving forces as a byproduct of the shatter zone of the Eastern Woodlands” Shefveland Pg. 9
⦁Tributary Indians are required to give children to the British, they become slaves : Child Hostages (Nansiatico) Shefveland 47, 74 |
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Term
| How did life for the Powhatan change between the rule of Opechancanough and Cockacoeske? (Key point) |
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Definition
| With the murder of Opechancanough by the English in October 1646 the Powhatan lost a great deal of power to English domination. (Shefveland Pg. 8) |
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Term
| How did life for the Powhatan change between the rule of Opechancanough and Cockacoeske? |
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Definition
| ⦁ The peace dictated by the English in 1646 “opened the interior to Anglo-Indian trade and ultimately placed all members of the Powhatan paramount chiefdom under tributary status to the Virginia government.” Shefveland Pg. 8 |
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Term
| How did life for the Powhatan change between the rule of Opechancanough and Cockacoeske? |
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Definition
| ⦁ Dispossession of Native land and rights, as the peace marked a boundary line between Eng and Indian settlements. |
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Term
| How did life for the Powhatan change between the rule of Opechancanough and Cockacoeske? |
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Definition
⦁ Implied a recognition of a Native’s right of occupation but not his sovereign title to land
⦁ Trade now takes place between Native peoples and licensed European traders.
⦁ Control by placing communities on “reserves of land”
⦁ Tribute payment was now expected but largely symbolic. |
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Term
| How did life for the Powhatan change between the rule of Opechancanough and Cockacoeske? |
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Definition
⦁ Expectation of Natives to now provide military assistance and to act as trade envoys. Shefveland Pg. 9
⦁ Natives were to provide children as captives to ensure obedience. |
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Term
| How did life for the Powhatan change between the rule of Opechancanough and Cockacoeske? |
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Definition
⦁ English now establish Fall Line Forts to project power into the interior to expand trade which pushed the expansion of the Indian Slave Trade.
1. Siouan in SW Skin and Slave trade. Shefveland Pg. 20 |
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Term
| How did life for the Powhatan change between the rule of Opechancanough and Cockacoeske? |
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Definition
⦁ Trading increased long-distance Native migration. Shefveland Pg. 20
1. Brought new groups to region, like the Westo. Shefveland Pg. 31
2. Forced the coalescence of disparate groups.
3. Heightened contact with disease.
4. Introduced Natives to firearms.
⦁ Led directly to their involvement with the slave trade.
⦁ Also led to the expansion of who could be taken as slave in Native societies. Not just military captives anymore. (Shefveland Pg. 31) |
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Term
| What role did the Indian trade play in Anglo-Powhatan relations? |
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Definition
Trade played a central role in the relations between the English and the Powhatan.
⦁ The protection and expansion of Trade meant power for those who controlled this in the colonies.
⦁ Linked power dynamics between natives and Europeans. |
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Term
| What role did the Indian trade play in Anglo-Powhatan relations? |
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Definition
⦁ Formation of tributary tribes who had exclusive trading rights with the colonies emphasizes the importance of trade to natives and colonials.
1. Advantage in arms and trade over other tribes.
2. Legal recognition of native land rights.
3. Beginnings of reservation system.
4. Land boundaries could be established to supposedly protect native land from colonial encroachment.
5. Legal protection in colonial holdings of native trade rights and a recognition of their independent sovereignty.
⦁ Colonizers saw trade as a way of controlling native peoples. |
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Term
| What role did the Indian trade play in Anglo-Powhatan relations? |
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Definition
. With the new boundaries containing and eventually squeezing these communities into the colonial system for its later expansion.
⦁ Quote: “Indian trade was central to the vitality of the settlements in Virginia as the colony moved from a frontier exchange economy to an emerging plantation economy and slave society.” Shefveland Pg. 21
⦁ Quote: “Virginia’s history of successful plantation slavery (and thus its founding families like the Byrds) had origins in the wealth of the Indian trade.” Shefveland Pg. 21
⦁ Quote: “Exploration and trade would not have been successful without the consent and cooperation of Native partnerships.” Shefveland Pg. 22
1. Major trading individuals who were rivals were William Byrd I and Abraham Wood. |
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