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| process of redrawing the boundaries when there are more representatives than districts in a state, done every 10 years after the census |
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| Powers & Duties of Congress |
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lay and collect taxes, imposts, and excises, to pay debts and provide for the common defense and welfare of USA.
Borrow money on credit of the USA and regulate commerce on foreign trade, Coin money, establish post office and roads, declare war, regulate army and navy
To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by the constitution |
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| Social work devoted to the needs of individual clients or cases |
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| spending that is intended to benefit constituents of a politician in return for their political support, either in the form of campaign contributions or votes |
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| the exchanging of political favors, especially the trading of influence or votes among legislators to achieve passage of projects that are of interest to one another |
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| Select/Special committees |
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| committee appointed to perform a special function that is beyond the authority or capacity of a standing committee. Usually created by a resolution that outlines the duties and powers and the procedures for appointing members. often investigative in nature |
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| A parliamentary procedure by which debate is ended and an immediate vote is taken on the matter under discussion |
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| Legislative veto, INS v. Chadha, 1983 |
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| a US Court ruling that the one-house legislative veto violated the consitutional seperation of powers |
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| Congressional oversight refers to the review monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation |
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| a legal case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the line-item veto as granted in the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 violated the Presentment Clause of the US Constitution because it impermissibly gave the President the power to unlaterally amend or repeal parts of statutes that had been duly passed by the Congress |
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| the power of an executive to nullify or cancel specific provisions of a bill, usually budget appropriations, without veoting the entire legislative package |
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| a body of high-ranking members of government, typically representing the executive branch. |
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| the use of state resources to reward individuals for their electoral support |
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| federal law whose main provision is to prohibit federal employees from engaging in partisan political activity |
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| Federal employee political activities act of 1993 |
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| people can run for local nonpartisan governments. work on campaigns after hours. and contribute money voluntarily |
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| Independent Regulatory Commissions |
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| a public authority or government agency responsible for exercising autonomous authority over some area of human activity in a regulatory or supervisory capacity |
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| Independent Executive Agencies |
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| a part of a government department that is treated as managerially and budgetarily seperate in order to carry out some part of executive functions |
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| Administrative Adjudication |
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| the legal process by which an arbiter or judge reviews evidence and argumentation including legal reasoning set forth by opposing parties or litigants to come to a decision which determines rights and obligations between the parties involved |
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| Congress, Interest Groups, and the Bureaucracy. Interest groups give electoral support to Congress and lobby for the Bureaucracy; Bureaucracy does special favors and low regulation for Interest Groups, and policy choices and executions for Congress; Congress funds and supports Bureaucracy, and does friendly legislation and oversight for Interest Groups |
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| the official journal of the federal government of the USA that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies |
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| American statesman and jurist who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power. Marshal was the Chief Justice, serving from 1801 to 1835. He served in the House from 1799 to 1800, and as Secretary of State for John Adams from 1800 to 1801. ESTABLISHED that the courts are entitled to judicial review, the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. Cementing the position of the judiciary as an independent and influential branch of government |
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| Formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution |
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| Three-tiered court system |
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| regional courts > Circuit courts > appellate courts |
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| the senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the USA. He joined the Supreme Court in 1975 and is the oldest member of the Court. He was appointed to the Court by President Gerarld Ford. Widely considered to be on the liberal side of the Court. |
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| an Associate Justice on the Supereme Court. Appointed by Bill Clinton, with the support of Judiciary Chairman Senator, Orrin Hatch in 1993 and generally votes with the liberal wing of the court. SHe is the second female justice - SAndra Day O' Connor being the first - and the first Jewish woman to be a part of the Court. |
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| An associate justice of the Court. Appointed by Bill Clinton in 1994. Known for his pragmatic approach to the constitutional law, Breyer is generally associated with the liberal side of the court. |
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| An Associate Justice of the Court from 1990 to 2009. Appointed by George HW Bush. Served as a prosecutor, a state attorney general, and as a judge on state trial and appellate court |
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| of the Court, appointed by Reagan in 1988, often considered a swing vote on many of the Court's politically charged 5-4 decisions; although is more conservative |
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| of the Court, appointed by George W. Bush, and has served since 2006. Fairly conservative with a libertarian streak |
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| 17th and current Chief Justice, Served since 2005, appointed by George W. Bush, considered to be judicial conservative |
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| justice of the Court, Appointed in 1986 by Reagan, Considered to be core member of the conservative wing of the court |
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| American jurist who has served as a Justice for the Court since 1991, seen as strictly conservative, wanting to uphold the Constitution |
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| a document which is filed in a court by someone who is not directly related to the case under consideration. |
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| an order by a higher court directing a lower court, tribunal, or public authority to send the record in a given case for review |
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| the legal principle by which judges are obliged to obey the precedents established by prior decisions |
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the doctrine in the democratic theory under which legislative and executive action is subject to invalidation by the judiciary. Specific courts with judicial review power may annul acts of the state when it find them incompatible with higher authority, such as terms in the Constitution.
Functioning Seperation of Powers |
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| a process of examination and evaluation, generally referring to performing a background check on someone before offering him or her employment. In addition, in intelligence gathering, assets are vetted to determine their usefulness |
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| Clerks of the Supreme Court |
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| Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States is the officer of the Supreme Court responsible for overseeing filings with the Court and maintaining its records. The current Clerk is William Suter |
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| every "nth" term has a chance of being chosen |
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| the process of grouping members of the population into relatively homogeneous subgroups before sampling. The strata would be mutually exclusive. Then random or systematic sampling is applied to each stratum. Improves representativeness of the sample by reducing error. |
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| the population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgement is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion. (example: interviewer told to sample 200 females and 300 males between the ages of 40 and 60) |
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| a statistic expressing the amount of random sampling error in a survey's results. the larger the margin of error, the less faith one should have that the poll's results are close to the truth |
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| where the results of something are thought to be because something happens |
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| a particularly tempting error because temporal sequence appears to be integral to causality. The fallacy lies in coming to a conclusion based solely on the orders of events, rather than taking into account other factors that might rule out connection |
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| arises when on infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole |
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| a type of journalism that downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more papers. Often exaggerate, have unprofessional practices |
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| writers of the Progressive movement in America who wanted to expose corruption and scandals of the government and business. UPTON SINCLAIR!! THE JUNGLE!!! RAT SHIT IN MY GOD DAMN STEAK, WTF! |
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| FCC Federal Communications Commission |
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| independent agency of the US GOVERNMENT empowered by the Congressional statute. Works towards goals in broadband, competition, spectrum, the media, public safety, and homeland security. |
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| The commision has the power to make special regulations applicable to stations engaged in chain broadcasting |
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| 1934 telecommunications act |
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| established federal commission to regulate radio, tv, telegraphs, satellites and foreign communications |
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| 1996 telecommunications act |
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| Deregulated segments of the media like local phone and cable |
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| news presentation must be fair and balanced. in 1949, that required the holders of broadcast licenses both to present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that was honest, equitable and balanced |
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| established the actual malice standard which has to be met before press reports about public officials or public figures can be considered to be defamation and libel; and hence allowed free reporting of the civil rights campaigns in the southern US. |
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| Broadcast decency act 2005 |
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| set of rules that allows government to fine a station based on incidents performed on tv for up to 5 million dollars per day |
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| a group of people officially delegated to perform a function, such as investigating, considering, reporting, or acting on a matter |
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| in bicameral legistlatures, containing members of both houses, can be convened in order to coordinate activities, avoid duplicating work, or to discuss matters of common interest |
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| Join conference committees |
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| Conference committees are joint committees that reconcile differences in bills passed by the House and Senate. A conference committee is made up of those members from the House and Senate that originally considered the bill |
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| deals with succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice Pres, as well as responding to the Presidential disabilities. It fixes up the ambiguous wording of Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 of the Constitution which does not expressly state whether the Vice Pres becomes the Pres, as opposed to an "Acting PResident" if the PResident dies, resigns, is removed from office or is otherwise unable to discharge the powers of the Presidency. 1967 |
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| First, the House must pass by a simple majority articles of impeachment which constitute the formal allegation or allegations. Upon the passage, the defendant has been impeached. Next, the Senate tries the accused. IN the case of an impeachment of the President, the Chief Justice of the USA presides over the proceeedings |
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| By virtue, he or she is the nominal head of the US Senate. The VP is allowed to vite in the Senate, but only when necessary to break a tied vote. Pursuant to the Twelfth AMendment, the VP presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College |
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| The 32nd Pres of USA, was a central figure in world events during the mid 20th century, leading the USA through wartime and economic crisis. the NEW DEAL, consisted of legislation pushed through COngress as well as executive orders. Executive orders included the bank holiday delcared when he first came to office; legistlation created new government agencies, such as teh WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION and the National Recovery AAdministration, with the intent of creating new jobs for the unemployed. Other legislation provided direct assistance to individuals such as the Social Security Act |
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| EOP (Executive Office of the President) |
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| the immediate staff of the President of the USA, as well as multiple levels of support staff reporting to the President. The EOP is headed by the White House Chief of Staff, currently Rahm Emanuel. encompassed White House Office & Burea of the Budget. |
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| an entity within the Executive Office of the President. The staff of the various offices are based in the West Wing, East Wing of the White House, the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, and the New Executive Office Building |
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| Office Management and Budget (OMB) |
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| The OMB's predominant mission is to assist the President in overseeing the preparation of the federal budget and to supervise its administration in Executive Branch agencies. |
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| allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on Census results |
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| congressional oversight refers to the review, monitoring, and supervision of federal agencies, programs, activities, and policy implementation |
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| the legislative veto or congressional veto was first developed in context of the delegation to the Executive of power to reorganize governmental agencies and was first authorized by the Reorganization Act of 1939. It was furthered by the necessities of providing for national security and foreign affairs immediately prior to and during WWII |
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| Gallup Polls are known for their accuracy in predicting the outcome of the current Election. By random sampling and interviewing |
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| almost certainly best-remembered today for the circumstances surrounding its demise. Used straw polling; Sin of self-selection |
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