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Definition
| (1955-Present)... a figure used in tobacco advertising campaign for Marlboro cigarettes.. Portrayed a picturesque view of the Cowboy |
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| (1937-1939).. Painted by Walter Beach Humphrey... Depicts Eleazar Wheelock bringing rum to the Native Americans in order to purchase the land for Dartmouth College... Images perpetuate native stereotypes of drinking, savage behavior, and lack of intelligence |
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Term
| The Virginian: A Horseman of the Plains |
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Definition
| (1902).. Written by Owen Wister.. Novel depicting life in the west.. Is known as the first true western |
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Definition
| (1894).... Nationwide conflict between labor unions and railroads that occurred in the United States... Largest strike at this point in US History.... Effectively shuts down the railways |
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Definition
| (1893).. 50-60k settlers went to claim the Unassigned territories of Oklahoma. The territories are Indian territories opened to US settlers in 1887 through the Dawes Severalty Act |
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| (1801-Present)... Large Camp Meetings for Christian worship on the frontier... Lack of Churches and preachers lead to many people camping out together to listen to mass and preaching |
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Term
| State-Sponsored Native American Body Part Bounties |
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Definition
| (1637-1885)... State Payments for heads and later scalps of Native Americans... Some put specific bounties on young children... Lead to state sponsored genocide |
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Definition
| (1886-1913)... Geronimo and about 100 followers know as "the late surrenders" exiled to Florida. "late surrenders" did not receive rights to reservations and were considered prisoners of war. They were eventually moved to Mt. Vernon, Virginia |
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Definition
| (c. 1829-1909)... Chiricahua Apache War Chief....fought against Mexico and the United States for their expansion into Apache tribal lands for several decades during the Apache Wars. |
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| (1861-1909)...American painter, illustrator, sculptor, and writer who specialized in depictions of the Old American West... Romanticized the idea of the Cowboy |
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Definition
| (Late 19th c.) Spans from Texas to Wyoming... Starts in Young County, TX.. Ends in Cheyenne, WY... Used as a Cattle Trail |
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| (Late 19th Century).... Cattle Trail From San Antonio, TX to Caldwell, KS.... Founded by a Metis Trader named Jessie Chisholm |
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Definition
| (1847-1882).... Famous Bank Robber... James and his brother started as Confederate guerillas in the Civil War... Fought for the "bushwhackers"... Became an Iconic Figure of the West |
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Definition
| (1868-1876)... Gang that Jesse James and his brother operated within |
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Definition
| (1876)... An armed engagement between combined forces of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho people against the Colonel Custer and 7th Cavalry of the USA... Resulted in a Defeat for the US |
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Term
| Colonel George Armstrong Custer |
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Definition
| (1839-1876).... American Colonel who commanded the 7th Calvary at Little Bighorn, and was Defeated |
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Term
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Definition
| (1831-1890)... A Hunkpapa Lakota chief and holy man under whom the Lakota tribes united in their struggle for survival on the northern plains... Had a vision predicting Native Victory at Little Bighorn |
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Definition
| Lost the Battle of Little Bighorn under the command of Colonel Custer.. Committed the Wounded Knee Massacre |
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Definition
| (1876-1877)... A series of battles and involving the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne, against the United States... Conflict began when gold was found in the Black Hills. US Government wanted to buy back the land but the Sioux refused |
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Term
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Definition
| (1876-1877+)... Gold Rush sparked by reports of Gold in the Black Hills By Colonel Custer... Lead to white prospectors encroaching on Sioux land.. Deadwood mine produced a massive amount of gold |
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Term
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Definition
| (1840s-1870s).. A stagecoach and wagon trail in the American West... Eliminated when Railroad made stagecoach mail obsolete... Ran from Julesburg, CO to Ft. Bridger, WY |
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Term
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Definition
| (19th c.).... Chinese Laborers contributed a large portion of the labor in the Gold Rush and the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad. Chinese had limited rights.... Chinese workers connected the East and West sides of the Railroad |
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Term
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Definition
| (1869)..... The location where the Union and Central Pacific Railroads joined rails |
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Term
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Definition
| (1867)...The acquisition of the Alaska territory by the United States from Russia for $7.2 Million.. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1864)... 700-man force of Colorado Territory militia attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory... This was an after effect of the Colorado Gold Rush |
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Term
| Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca |
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Definition
| (ca. 1488-ca.1577) an Indian slave from the far northern Mexican province of Sonora, who told of a North American Empire known as Cibola, with cities larger than the city of Mexico |
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Term
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Definition
| (1555/c1570) a work made up of twelve volumes, which contain the descriptions of the pre-Conquest culture of the Aztecs along with an account of life after the Spanish Conquest. Various rituals and ceremonies of the Aztecs are displayed through the use of oratory literature |
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Term
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Definition
| (600 -1400) an ancient city in present day, St. Louis, at its peak the city covered nearly six square miles and 10,000 Ð 20,000 people lived there. Over 120 mounds were built over time |
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Definition
| (1528 Ð 1596) engraver, print-seller, and author who chronicled his earliest adventures in America, his project began in 1590 and his illustrations are considered the earliest authentic images of the New World. His images are pretty accurate but depict Indians as physically, god-like and muscular |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease brought to the New World by Europeans, the Aztecs and Hurons were decimated by the disease, it had an effect on Puritan expansion, there was an epidemic at San Juan Bautista, and was used against the Ohio Indians by General Amherst in 1863. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spanish and French colonial communities that were characterized by mestizaje, including a great deal of intermarriage between male colonists and native women. The children of Old World fathers and New World mothers became the majority population of New Spain. Thus, although the coming of Spaniards to the Americas was characterized by the destruction of peoples, it also resulted in the birth of New Ones |
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Definition
| opposite of the policy of the Spanish and French, the policy of the English that pushed the Indians to the periphery rather than incorporate them within colonial society. |
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Definition
| (late 17th - early 18th c.) French forest trader, usually a man of good birth, some military training, and of more or less education, he was a rover of the forest by choice and not as an outcast from civilization. At the height of French fur trade in 1680, there were estimated to be more than 800 men engaged in forest trading. |
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Term
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Definition
| (18th and early 19th c.) Russian fur trader, by 1763 hundreds of Russian men were using the Pacific fur trade through the Aleutian chain to send home a steady supply of furs. Promyshlenniki held Aleut villages hostage, forcing men to trap and the women to perform sexual service |
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Term
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Definition
| (1769 - 1834) California mission chain was started in 1769 by King Charles III of Spain, missions were built near the coast to establish towns, and to be able to trade with ships and people coming to the area. They were also established to convert the Indians to Christianity, Indians were usually either assimilated into the Mission towns or killed. The majority of large cities in California started as Missions (i.e. Los Angeles), there were at least 21 missions. |
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Term
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Definition
| (mid 18th - mid 19th c.) Russians exploited the sea otters off the northern coast of west Canada and Alaska. John Jacob Astor attempted to exploit the sea otter fur trade as well in 1811, and so did Wilson Price Hunt in 1812 |
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Term
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Definition
| Thomas Jefferson's idea that the limitless West was the best guarantee that the American people would maintain their economic independence, the foundation of republican government, Jefferson wrote in 1787 that Americans would remain virtuous as long as they maintained their roots in agriculture. Jefferson also believed that farming was best for Indians, and sought to convert them from hunters, because they would need less land and become civilized. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1803) Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France (Napoleon Bonaparte), called one of the most important events in history, American offered fifteen million dollars, Jefferson commissioned Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the territory |
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Term
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Definition
| (1824 - 1840) an annual event where fur traders and mountain men all gather to trade goods became a huge social event that is an iconic image of the west |
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Term
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Definition
| (1796 - 1872) born in Pennsylvania and was originally a lawyer, travelled to St. Louis and began painting Indians and other inhabitants around him, his works became renowned and he had shows in New York, London and Paris. His paintings depict more "daily" life and are more idealized images than accurate |
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Term
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Definition
| (1828 - present) Cherokee newspaper founded and edited by Elias Boudinot, printed news in both English and using the Cherokee alphabet developed by Seqouyah |
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Term
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Definition
| (1830) a comprehensive plan for the relocation west of the Mississippi of all eastern Indians. Removal was to be voluntary, but despite significant opposition, made it clear that the federal government would ignore the actual accomplishment of nations such as the Cherokee |
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Term
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Definition
| (1814 - 1858) the most infamous and violent campaign to remove the Indians in America, was the most costly and bloody campaign to remove. Cost the US twenty million dollars and more than 1,500 American soldiers |
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Term
| Red River or St. Paul Trail |
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Definition
| (19th c.) 400 mile trail across western Minnesota to Pembina, North Dakota, and then on to the HudsonÕs Bay Company post at Fort Garry (Winnipeg), Manitoba, was travelled because of the fur trade market |
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Term
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Definition
| (17th - 19th c.) former mission Indians who found work on ranchos as field hands or Spanish cowboys who as early as 1500 were raising cattle commercially, were typically superior to American cowboys |
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Term
| Battle of the San Jacinto River |
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Definition
| (1836) a Battle during Texas' campaign for independence, when the Mexican general made a disastrous error, dividing his army to terrorize the people by burning and plundering the country, seizing the opportunity, Houston and 900 Texians surprised Santa Anna on April 21. The Texian slaughtered more than 600 Mexicans and Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign a treaty for Texas independence. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1767 - 1838) Chief of the Sauk and Fox who did not sign a treaty for removal, in 1832, he and two thousand followers went back across the Mississippi, met by Illinois militia, he unleashed his warriors and fled to Wisconsin. At the massacre of Bad Ax River, a revolt against the warriors, dozens of Indians were slaughtered. |
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Term
| Battle of Bad Axe/Bad Axe Massacre |
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Definition
| (1832) A massacre in Wisconsin of Black Hawk and his followers in which the outraged, Illinois militia corned them and dozens of Indians were slaughtered, including many women and children |
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Term
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Definition
| (1838) Cherokee's journey from their lands east Mississippi to Oklahoma, Cherokee migrants faced hunger, disease and exhaustion. Over 4,000 of the 15,00 Cherokee died |
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Term
| Buffalo/ Bison Americanus |
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Definition
| central spiritual and life sustaining creatures of the plains Indians, after the equine revolution the plains Indians were able to hunt more effectively and began selling Buffalo hides for profit. The Buffalo hide trade expanded to a point when the Buffalo were near extinction, which caused great devastation to the plains Indians who relied on them for survival. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1841) legalized squatting, granted preemption rights to all Americans. This Bill set Americans to arguing whether the time had not come for dropping the revenue principle altogether and providing free land for settler families, like a "homestead" law. |
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Term
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Definition
| (John O'Sullivan, 1845) John O'Sullivan was the editor of the Morning News, a cheap newspaper, and advocate for the Democratic party, he insisted that "our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent". |
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Term
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Definition
| (Antebellum) concerns about the new territories in the West and whether they would be free or slave states because each side wanted the upper hand in the house of representatives |
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Term
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Definition
| (1846 - 1848) War between Mexico and America for control of California, led by President Polk and completed by General Zachary Taylor, most Americans supported the war but Whigs thought that the war was an unjust act of aggression, cost the US one hundred million dollars and nearly thirteen thousands Americans, considered the most destructive war to date. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1848 - 1851+) James Marshalll, while constructing a sawmill found gold in January of 1848, California was the first of the great mining rushes of the 19th century, caused a sudden movement of tens of thousands across the continent to the Pacific Coast, President Polk confirmed the existence of gold in his state of the union address in the fall of 1848, people from all over the world came to mine gold, became a right of passage for young American aristocrats, the Gold rush marked the start of economic boom |
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Term
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Definition
| (1854 - 1858) the violence that occurred over the fight for slave versus free states, Nebraska wanted to be organized into a territory and Kansas into a state, and both were proposed to be decided by a popular whether or not they would be free or slave state. Northerners and southerners tried to relocate to Kansas, the primary proponents of violence were proslavery against free state men, and Congressman Preston Brooks attached Charles Sumner with a cane. A total of 55 people died during the violence |
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Term
| California's Yuki Indian Genocide |
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Definition
| (1854 - 1864) after Gold was discovered in California, violence broke out between Indians and miners immediately, California Governor Peter Burnett made it clear that he was choosing extermination proposed by Indian commissioners, he said that "A war of extermination will continue to be waged between the races until the Indian race becomes extinct", over the next few years with the encouragement and sponsorship of the state, thousands of Indians were murdered by miners, ranchers and militia. Over 120,000 lives were lost in twelve years due to their policy. |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural modification of an individual, group or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture, the merging of cultures as a result of prolonged contact |
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Term
| "Westward the Course of Empire takes its Way" |
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Definition
| (Emanuel Leutze, 1860) a painting that was monumental in scale, filling six hundred feet, it depicts a group of pioneers mounting the summit of a mountain range and celebrating their arrival in the golden West. The painting won the competition to be a mural gracing the walls of the capitol building in Washington. The pioneers are stereotypes and the painting is actually a romantic imagined landscape. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Civil War) guerilla soldiers on the border of Kansas and Missouri, they led raids back and forth across the border, their objective was mainly for personal gain |
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Term
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Definition
| (1862) after Chief Little Crow was denied government provisions for his hungry people, he led his braves to revolt against the US army and reclaim their lands, US troops were rushed to the uprising in Minnesota but the Indians killed 800 white settlers and several million dollars worth of property was destroyed. 38 Indians were tried and sentenced to execution, and this resulted in the largest public execution ever held in the US |
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Term
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Definition
| (1862) the largest mass, public execution held in the US where 38 Indians were sentenced to hang in Mankato, Minnesota following the Santee Sioux Uprising and the Dakota War of 1862 |
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Term
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Definition
| (1862) persons over the age of twenty-one, both men and women, citizens and immigrants who had declared their intention to become citizens, were eligible to file for up to 160 acres of surveyed land on the public domain. They had to cultivate the land, improve it and reside on the claim for five years after which they would receive full title by paying a ten-dollar fee. Alternately, after only six months of residence, they could exercise a "commutation clause", allowing them to purchase the claim at the minimum cash price of $1.25 per acre. This was discontinued in 1935 by FDR. It created farms for more than four hundred thousand families, although 49 percent of all genuine homesteaders failed to patent their claims due to high cost of equipment. |
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Term
| Yellowstone National Park |
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Definition
| (1872-Present) largest and first National Park. 1st instance of federal policy of land preservation. Teddy Roosevelt helped propel National parks. All the timber, minerals, wildlife and curiosities were to be retained in their natural condition |
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Term
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Definition
| (1882 - 1943) anti-Chinese sentiment was sweeping the west, the Burlingame Treaty with China, signed in 1868 had pledged an open door for Chinese immigration, the exclusion act suspended further immigration of the Chinese for ten years. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1885) takes authority away from tribes in cases of manslaughter, murder, rape and robbery, i.e. criminal cases. Decreases Native American sovereignty/authority and increases violence/lawlessness on reservations. |
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Term
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Definition
| (91M acres, 1887 - 1934) facilitates the transfer of 91 million acres, the idea that if the land is taken away from Indians they will be forced to assimilate. After reservations had been allotted in parcels of 160 acres to Indian families, surplus land was opened to white settlers |
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Term
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Definition
| (c.1856 - 1932) Northern Paiute from eastern California. Founder of Ghost Dance, which was the reason the 7th Cavalry, was brought in at Wounded Knee. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1902) transformed the West, makes the desert "bloom", provides water to the desert and allows products to be produces during the off season. Also provides power via hydroelectric methods allowing the industrialization of remote areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1903) marked the birth of the American motion picture industry which from preoccupied with Western stories. Directed by Edwin Porter, told the story of the holdup of the Union Pacific by an outlaw gang known at the Wild Bunch |
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Term
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Definition
| (1909) enlarges homesteads to 360 acres |
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Term
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Definition
| (1910) massive migration of Mexicans into the U.S., migrants settled in Border States and became part of the culture and economy of these Border States |
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Term
| Stock-Raising Homestead Act |
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Definition
| (1916) raises the acreage of the homestead to 640 acres for ranching purposes |
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Term
| William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody |
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Definition
| (1846-1917) noted as a young Buffalo hunter that tried to develop a railroad town called Rome, became the subject of many dime novels written about the west, he toured eastern cities with a troupe of cowboy and Indian actors that dramatized adventures and reenacted historical events |
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Term
| Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show |
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Definition
| (1882-Present) toured America and the world, included cowboys, a large contingency of Indians, Annie Oakley (its famous "sweetheart") and eventually Sitting Bull, Custer's enemy, joined the show. The legacy of the show encouraged Americans to believe that all "real" Indians slept in tepees, wore feathers, hunted buffalo, and spoke using sign language. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1872-1939), [Riders of the Purple Sage] King/Queen of Western pulp fiction Riders of the Purple Sage puts him on the map. Books were turned into many Westerns. |
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Term
| Immigration Restriction Act |
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Definition
| (1924) followed Theodore Roosevelt's Gentleman's Agreement, which ended the immigration of Japanese men to the United States in 1908, the object of this act was to temporarily limit the number of immigrants by imposing quotas based on country of birth. Annual allowable quotas for each country of origin were calculated at 3 percent of the total number of foreign-born persons from that country recorded in the 1910 census |
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Term
| Indian Reorganization Act / Indian New Deal |
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Definition
| (1934) ends allotment, provides money for reservations, ends cultural attack on Native Americans, asserts that there needs to be autonomy. Reorganizes tribal governments using tribal constitutions and elected leaders. Start of self-determination and is seen as the start of the most important change in federal Indian policy in the 20th century |
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Term
| Rural Electrification Act |
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Definition
| (1934) Johnson; idea that lack of electric infrastructure is keeping Americans poor, transformed rural America, connected to huge hydroelectric projects |
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Term
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Definition
| (1930-1940) Dakotas, Kansas, Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas area where the agricultural crisis of the Great Depression was compounded by environmental crisis, drought on the Great Plains caused huge dust storms, worst year was 1935. Cause was the loss of grassland since the 1890s due to the excessive plowing and overgrazing of the 1920s, called one of the three worst ecological blunders in world history |
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Term
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Definition
| (April 14, 1935) the day when a huge dust storm enveloped nearly the entire sate of Kansas, eventually the rains returned |
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Term
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Definition
| (1895-1965) married to Maynard Dixon, was noted for photographing hard-edged documentary photos that questioned the myth of the frontier during the Depression, worked for the Farm Security Administration |
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Term
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Definition
| (Dorothea Lange, 1936) one of a series of photos taken by Dorothea Lange of Florence Owens Thompson and her children, described as a hungry and desperate mother, aged 32, shows the effects of the migration caused by the Dust Bowl circumstances of the Great Depression |
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Term
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Definition
| (1942 -1945: 120,00+ people) result of Executive Order 9066, signed by FDR two months after Pearl Harbor that suspended the civil rights of citizens and aliens of Japanese background in the western states that authorized the confiscation of their property and the "removal" of families from their homes and communities, the residents of L.A.'s Little Tokyo were rounded up and sent to one of ten camps set up across the trans-Mississippi West. Was a result of race prejudice, war hysteria and a failure of political leadership |
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Term
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Definition
| (1942-1945: 11,000+ people) main concentration camp for Japanese, located in Owen's Valley in Southern California, 3rd catastrophe of Owen's Valley. Ethnic cleansing and deportation of Japanese. Deepest valley in the world. Iconic Japanese internment camp |
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Term
| Western Ranch-Style Houses |
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Definition
| (1920s-Present, 1950s-1970s = boom years) domestic style that originated in southern California, particularly in the work of San Diego architect Cliff May, characteristics included: low-slung roof, rooms flowing one into the other, picture windows, and sliding glass doors inviting the residents outdoors to the patio and the barbecue grill |
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Term
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Definition
| (1944-Present) AIM worker who was falsely convicted of killing two FBI agents, based mainly on manipulated ballistics |
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Term
| Bureau of Indian Affairs Relocation Program |
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Definition
| (1948-1973: 100,000 people) not forcible relocation program, a program to try and get Indians to come to the city. Questionable Act of Assimilation, transformation of Native Americans from rural to urban areas, now 2/3rds of Native Americans live in urban areas. Post WWII, most people are moving to Western cities |
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Term
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Definition
| (1968-Present) [AIM] starts in Minneapolis, started by Ojibway, occupation of the B.I.A. and Wounded Knee, was mainly an urban Indian phenomenon that later brought together rural traditionalists, led by Russel Means an Oglala Sioux, Dennis Banks a Chippwa and Leonard Peltier |
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Term
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Definition
| (1973) AIM activists and reservation supporters armed with rifles and shotguns occupied a church at the side of the Wounded Knee Massacre, vowing not to leave until the tribal chairman of the Oglala Sioux resigned, this was a public relations disaster for the government. After 71 days, AIM surrendered but afterward the FBI hounded AIM to extinction, and many tribal Indians considered the occupation a disaster |
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Term
| Trans-Alaska Pipeline System |
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Definition
| (1974-Present) began building in 1974, one of the biggest public works project, carries massive amounts of oil. Huge environmental impact and now, because its there, debates occur over whether to drill there or not |
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Term
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Definition
| (1927-1993) an Arizonan, Mexican American, whose parents had lost their farm during the Depression, he argued that the presence of a large pool of politically powerless aliens severely hampered the effort to unionize farm-workers who were American citizens, he helped eliminate the Bracero program, which allowed the temporary entrance of Mexicans into the U.S., helped organize the United Farm Workers (UFW) which was able to raise wages and standards of living for its members, particularly in California |
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Term
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Definition
| (1920s-Present) any small 20th century home that uses space efficiently, features include: one and a half stories, most of the living space on the ground floor, low-pitched roof and horizontal shape, living room at the center, connecting rooms without hallways, efficient floor plan, built-ins, was first seen in Pasadena, California. |
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Term
| Ogallala / High Plains Aquifer |
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Definition
| (1900-Present) provides water for 1/3rd for all U.S. agriculture; some think that water will run out by 2050. Based on the idea of Buffalo Commons, rationing has begun to save water |
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Term
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Definition
| (1987-Present) academic concept that deals with Northern Plains, important because it is actually happening today, Buffalo are being raised and their beef shipped locally, more environmentally friendly than farming. More than 350,000 grazing Buffalo, founder of CNN is the biggest Buffalo rancher; NGO's are promoting this idea |
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Term
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Definition
| (Pre-contact-Present) Professor Treurer, biggest Native American population/geographic group in North America, are a roaming tribe and spread over many reservations in the U.S. and Canada |
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Term
| Gadsden Purchase and the Tohono O'Odham |
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Definition
| (1854-Present) Borderland film, U.S. buys land the divides the Tohono O'Odham homeland between U.S. and Mexico. Conflict in citizenship and border crossing, especially for religious purposes, recent Mexico laws require passports, no specific documentation for Tohono O'Odham. Treaty was made in 1853, but not ratified until 1854. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1992) Clint Eastwood, symbol of the Renaissance of Hollywood Westerns. Also the death rattle of the Western, Westerns are now super-imposed on science fiction. Not a feel-good Western, unlike Avatar |
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Term
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Definition
| ($965M, 2006) important because it shows the economic power of tribes and it is a key moment in the debates over tribal sovereignty, purchase by Seminole Indians |
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Term
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Definition
| (1896-Present) issue of naming, debate over the name, Denali name change, Alaska maintains the name Denali, which means "the great one" and officially changed Mt. McKinley to Denali in 1975. The mountain is the centerpiece of Denali national park. The U.S. Board on Geographic Names will not change the name from Mt. McKinley, and is supported by a delegation from Ohio, President McKinley's home state |
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Term
| Native American Population Growth |
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Definition
| (1950-2010: 350,000 - 5,220,000) number of self-declared Indians has grown, and more "whites" claim descent from at least one Indian ancestor, the Dances With Wolves Syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| (2007) Finge by Rebecca Belmore, Chippewa/Ojibwa, born 1960 |
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Term
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Definition
| (17th - 19th c.) the incorporation of horses brought to the Americas by the Spanish (and later, other Europeans) into native society and culture. Revolutionized many people's ways of life, especially the Buffalo hunting plains Indians |
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Term
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Definition
| (1835-1856) a book that printed a speech Crockettsupposedly made to Congress that supports the iconic backwoods image of Crocket |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which Indians were to be incorporated into "white" society, reject their native culture, languages, and ways of living and take up "white" ways of living. Some Indians assimilated into society while others rejected the idea |
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Term
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Definition
| (1862) empowered two corporations, the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific to construct a continuous railroad along the forty-second parallel, the Platte River route of the Overland trail, authorized the federal government to loan the companies construction money, some opposed federal funding of the project. This displaced many Indians, and some worked for the railroad as construction workers |
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Term
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Definition
| (19th and 20th c.).... Railroad allowed beef to become a common staple in the American diet.. Chicago became the meatpacking center.. Pioneered the disassembly line slaughter method, as well as refrigerated railroad cars |
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Term
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Definition
| (19th & early 20th c.).. Type of house created from the sod of plains grass. Was an easy to make structure that required little tools and no money.. Helped settlers to build a structure to acquire land through The Homestead Act |
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Term
| Union Pacific RR and Central Pacific RR |
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Definition
| Two Railroad companies that formed the Transcontinental Railroad... Union Pacific started in Omaha, NE.. Central Pacific started in Sacramento, CA |
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Term
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| (1863)... A rebel guerrilla attack during the U.S. Civil War by Quantrill's Raiders, led by William Clarke Quantrill, on the pro-Union, abolitionist town of Lawrence, Kansas. The attack killed 185-200 men and boys |
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| (1890) Ghost dancers led by Chief Big Foot arrived at Wounded Knee Creek in December of 1890, escaping the 7th Cavalry. A gun accidently went off as soldiers were disarming the Sioux, trigger happy troops fired four machine guns at the Sioux and caused the death of 146 Indians, including 44 women and 18 children |
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| Henry E. Huntington / Pacific Electric Railway |
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| (1850-1927) massively expands California, idea of urban sprawl which was based on land speculation, build the infrastructure and they will come. Urban sprawl happens in the West, particularly southern California |
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| (1933-Present) massive project in Washington State, controls the Columbia River, produces electricity for military defense power and Boeing becomes a prominent industry |
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| (1856 Ð 1944) Crow, 1st major Native American woman's autobiography, talks about what it means to be a medicine woman |
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| (1941-1945) huge amount of capital poured into the American West because of the war. State capitalism brought hundreds of thousands of immigrants to the West, which became equal with cities east of the Mississippi. Helps kick off the boom in aerospace and military technology. |
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| (House Concurrent Resolution 108, 1953) Republicans try and destroy "Indians" as a category, try and de-recognize Indian tribes. Disastrous for tribes who were terminated, Congress chose the wealthiest tribes for termination first and turned them into the poorest. No end date because the effects of termination are still felt by tribes |
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