006) Type of nail enamel used to avoid chipping of nail polish:

A) Nail Pearlizer

B) Top Coat

C) Keratolytic Agents

D) Base coat

011) A "whitish" half-moon area of the nail plate: 

A) Lanugo

B) Lunula

C) Matrix

D) Nail Pterygium

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LUNULA

Visible part of the matrix that extends from underneath the living skin; it is the whitish, half-moon shape at the base of the nail. 

036) A healthy nail plate is __________ in color: 

A) Pink

                           B) Whitish pink / pinkish white

C) White

D) Beige

Whitish pink/pink white

A normal, healthy nail is firm but flexible. The surface is shiny, smooth, and unspotted with no wavy ridges, pits, or splits. A healthy nail also is whitish and translucent in appearance, with the pinkish color of the nail bed showing through. In some races, the nail bed may have more yellow tones. The water content of the nail varies according to the relative humidity of the surrounding environment; in a humid environment, nails contain more water. A healthy nail may look dry and hard, but its water content is actually between 15 and 25 percent. The water content directly affects the nail’s flexibility. The lower the water content, the more rigid the nail becomes. Coating the plate with an oil-based nail conditioner or nail polish improves flexibility by reducing water loss. These products also prevent excessive water absorption.

105) Noticeable thin, white nail plates, much more flexible than normal: 

A) Agnail

B) Beau's Lines

C) Leuconychia

D) Eggshell nails

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EGGSHELL NAILS

hap•a•lo•nych•i•a (hap'ă-lō-nik'ē-ă), Thinning of nails resulting in bending and breaking of the free edge, with longitudinal fissures

106) Visible depressions across the width of the nail, often the result of illness:

A) Agnail

B) Beau's Lines

C) Leuconychia

D) Eggshell nails

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 BEAU'S LINES

Beau's line (bz) n. Transverse depressions on the fingernails occurring after trauma such as severe febrile disease, malnutrition, or coronary occlusion

107) Condition where the skin around the nail bed splits, usually caused by dry skin: 

A) Agnail

B) Beau's Lines

C) Leuconychia

D) Eggshell nails

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AGNAIL

ag•nail (gnl) n. 1. A hangnail. 2. A painful sore or swelling around a fingernail or toenail

108) Agnail is best treated with:

A) Pumice powder

B) Weekly manicures

 C) Hot oil manicures

D) Visit to a physician

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HOT OIL MANICURES

AGNAIL..........ag•nail (gnl) n. 1. A hangnail. 2. A painful sore or swelling around a fingernail or toenail

109) White spots on the nail-usually the result of injury or trauma to the nail: 

A) Leucoderma

B) Beaus Lines  

C) Leuconychia

D) Psudomonas Aeroginosa

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Leukonychia spots (loo-koh-NIK-ee-ah _ SPATS), also known as white spots, are whitish discolorations of the nails, usually caused by minor injury to the nail matrix. They are not a symptom of any vitamin or mineral deficiency. It is a myth that these result from calcium or zinc deficiency. They appear frequently in the nails but do not indicate disease. As the nail continues to grow, the white spots eventually disappear 

110) Yellow / green spots on the nail-the result of a bacterial infection. 

A) Agnail

B) Beau's Lines

C) Leuconychia

D) Psudomonas Aeroginosa

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PSUDOMONAS AEROGINOSA

In the past, discolorations of the nail plate (especially those between the plate and nail enhancements) were incorrectly referred to as molds. This term should not be used when referring to infections of the fingernails or toenails. The discoloration is usually a bacterial infection such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one of several common bacteria that can cause a nail infection, or Staphylococcus aureus. These naturally occurring skin bacteria can grow rapidly to cause an infection if conditions are correct for growth

111) Part of the nail assembly rich with blood vessels & nerve endings: 

A) Nail Plate

B) Nail Bed

C) Nail body

D) Free edge

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NAIL BED

The nail bed is the portion of living skin that supports the nail plate as it grows toward the free edge. Because it is richly supplied with blood vessels, the nail bed has a pinkish appearance from the lunula to the area just before the free edge of the nail. The nail bed contains many nerves, and is attached to the nail plate by a thin layer of tissue called the bed epithelium (BED _  ep-ih-THEE-lee-um). The bed epithelium helps guide the nail plate along the nail bed as it grows

112) Ringworm of the nail, usually indicated by either long yellow streaks within the nail plate itself, or whitish patches on the nail body:

A) Tinea

B) Tinea Pedis

C) Tinea Manus

D) Tinea Ungium

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TINEA UNGIUM

Onychomycosis (also known as "dermatophytic onychomycosis," or "tinea unguium" means fungal infection of the nail. It is the most common disease of the nails and constitutes about a half of all nail abnormalities. This condition may affect toenails or fingernails, but toenail infections are particularly common. The prevalence of onychomycosis is about 6–8% in the adult population.

Onychomycosis (ahn-ih-koh-my-KOH-sis) is a fungal infection of the natural nail plate. A common form is whitish patches that can be scraped off the surface of the nail. Another common form of this infection shows long whitish or pale yellowish streaks within the nail plate. A third common form causes the free edge of the nail to crumble and may even affect the entire plate. These types of infection often invade the free edge of the nail and spread toward the matrix.

158) The skin / tissue under the free edge of the nail: 

A) Perionychia 

B) Hyponychia / Hyponychium 

C) Epionychia / Epionychium 

D) Pteryhium

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                                  HYPONYCHIA/HYPONYCHIUM

The hyponychium (hy-poh-NIK-eeum) is the slightly thickened layer of skin that lies between the fingertip and the free edge of the natural nail plate. It forms a protective barrier that prevents microorganisms from invading and infecting the nail bed.

159) Forward growth of the cuticle, the result of poor circulation / dehydration: 

A) Paronchia 

B) Hyponychia / Hyponychium 

A) Agnail 

D) Pterygium

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PTERYGUIM

Nail Pteryguim (teh-RIJ-ee-um) is an abnormal condition that occurs when the skin is stretched by the nail plate. This disorder is usually caused by serious injury, such as burns, or an adverse skin reaction to chemical nail enhancement products. The terms cuticle and pterygium do not designate the same thing, and they should never be used interchangeably. Nail pterygium is abnormal and is caused by damage to the eponychium or hyponychium. Do not treat nail pterygium and never push the extension of skin back with an instrument. Doing so will cause more injury to the tissues and will make the condition worse. The gentle massage of conditioning oils or creams into the affected area may be beneficial. If this condition becomes irritated, painful, or shows signs of infection, recommend that the client see a physician for examination and proper treatment

160) Skin / tissue surrounding the nail on three sides: 

A) Perionychia / Perionychium

B) Hyponychis / Hypoponychium

C) Pterygium

D) Paronychia / Paronychium

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PERIONYCHIA / PERIONYCHIUM

the epidermis forming the border around a fingernail or toenail

161) Infection of the skin / tissue surrounding the nail on three sides:

A)  Perionychia / Perionychium 

B) Hyponychis / Hypoponychium 

C) Pterygium 

D) Paronychia / Paronychium

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Paronychia 

Paronychia (payr-uh-NIK-ee-uh) is a bacterial inflammation of the tissues surrounding the nail . Redness, pus, and swelling are usually seen in the skin fold adjacent to the nail plate. Individuals who work with their hands in water, such as dishwashers and bartenders, or who must wash their hands continually, such as health-care workers and food processors, are more susceptible because their hands are often very dry or chapped from excessive exposure to water, detergents, and harsh soaps. This makes them much more likely to develop infections.

162) Refers to "nail-biting" or "bitten nails":

A) Onychoposis

B) Onychocryptosis

C) Onychophagy

D) Onychophosis

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Onychophagy

(ahn-ih-koh-FAY-jee), also known as bitten nails, is the result of a habit of chewing the nail or the hardened, damaged skin surrounding the nail plate. Advise clients that frequent manicures and care of the hardened eponychium can often help them overcome this habit, at the same time improving the health and appearance of the hands. Sometimes, the application of nail enhancements can beautify deformed nails and discourage the client from biting the nails. However, the bitten, damaged skin should not be treated by a cosmetologist. If the skin is broken or infected, no services can be provided until the area is healed.

163) Often the result of cutting the corners of the nail too short, or the wearing of overly tight shoes-commonly referred to as ingrown nail:

A) Onychoposis

B) Onychocryptosis

C) Onychophagy

D) Onychophosis

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ONYCHOCRYPTOSIS

Onychocryptosis (ahn-ih-koh-krip-TOH-sis), also known as ingrown nails, can affect either the fingers or toes  In this condition, the nail grows into the sides of the living tissue around thenail. The movements of walking can press the soft tissues up against the nail plate, contributing to the problem. If the tissue around the nail plate is not infected, or if the nail is not imbedded in the flesh, you can carefully trim the corner of the nail in a curved shape to relieve the pressure on the nail groove. However, if there is any redness, pain, swelling, or irritation, you may not provide any services. Cosmetologists are not allowed to service ingrown nails. Refer the client to a physician.

212) If a finger nail is lost, approximatly how long will it take to grow back:

A) 1-2 months

B) 3-6 months

C) 6-9 months

D) 9-18 months

213) If a toe-nail is lost, approximatly how long will it take to grow back;

A) 1-2 months

B) 3-6 months

C) 6-9 months

D) 9-18 months

235) Refers to the tissue surrounding the nail on three sides:

A) Perionychium

B) Pericardium

C) Perioal

D) Peristalysis

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PERIONCHIUM

the epidermis forming the border around a fingernail or toenail

283) Leukonychia refer to:

A) Dark spots Milasma

B) Whites spots on the skin

C) White blood Cells

D) White spots on the nail/s

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WHITE SPOTS ON THE NAIL/S:

Leukonychia spots (loo-koh-NIK-ee-ah _ SPATS), also known as white spots, are whitish discolorations of the nails, usually caused by minor injury to the nail matrix. They are not a symptom of any vitamin or mineral deficiency. It is a myth that these result from calcium or zinc deficiency. They appear frequently in the nails but do not indicate disease. As the nail continues to grow, the white spots eventually disappear 

378) The recommended treatment for Agnails is:

A) Removal

B) Hot oil manicures

C) Paraffin treatments

D) Warm wax manicures

HOT OIL MANICURES

AGNAIL.......ag•nail (gnl) n. 1. A hangnail. 2. A painful sore or swelling around a fingernail or toenail

379) Nail growth begins at the:

A) Lanula

B) Matrix

C) Phalanges

D) Epionychium

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MATRIX

The matrix (MAY-trikz) is the area where the nail plate cells are formed; this area is composed of matrix cells that produce the nail plate cells. The matrix contains nerves, lymph, and blood vessels to nourish the matrix cells. As long as it is nourished and healthy, the matrix will continue to create new nail plate cells. The matrix extends from under the nail fold at the base of the nail plate. The visible part of the matrix that extends from underneath the living skin is called the lunula (LOO-nuh-luh). It is the whitish, half-moon shape at the base of the nail. The whitish color is caused by the reflection of light off the surface of the matrix. The lighter color of the lunula shows the true color of the matrix. Every nail has a lunula, but some lunulas are short and remain hidden under the Eponychium. Growth and appearance of the nails can be affected if an individual is in poor health, if a nail disorder or disease is present, or if there has been an injury to the matrix.

386) A product used to increase adhesion on acrylic nails:

A) Base Coat

B) Bonder

C) Primer

D) Aniline Derivative

 PRIMER

Nail Primer.....Many kinds of nail primers are available today. In the past, acid-based nail primer (methacrylic acid) was widely used to help adhere enhancements to the natural nail. Since acid-based nail primer is corrosive to the skin and potentially dangerous to eyes, acid-free and nonacid primers were developed. Acid-free and nonacid primers are the types of primers that are most often used today. They work as well as or better than acid-based nail primers, and have the added advantage of not being corrosive to skin or eyes.