Term
| What are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system? |
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Definition
| Sensory and motor > motor: autonomic and somatic > autonomic: sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
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Term
| What are the lobes of the forebrain? |
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Definition
| Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, limbic lobe |
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Term
| What is the function of the frontal lobe? |
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Definition
| Aids in motivation, problem solving, planning, and concentrating |
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Term
| What is the function of the parietal lobe? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the function of the occipital lobe? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the temporal lobe? |
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Definition
| Aids in auditory functioning |
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Term
| What is the function of the limbic lobe? |
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Definition
| Aids in emotions, emotion-related behavior, memory, and olfaction |
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Term
| What is the function of the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the function of the thalamas? |
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Definition
| Sensations occur here (but is processed in the parietal lobe) |
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Term
| What is the function of the diencephalon? |
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Definition
| It connects the spinal cord to the brain and helps to control involunatry functions |
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Term
| What is the function of the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| It aids in smooth motor movements |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| What happens if MAP is above 150? |
|
Definition
| Maximal vasoconstriction, which leads to cerebral edema |
|
|
Term
| What happens if MAP is below 50? |
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Definition
| Maximal vasodilation, which leads to ischemia |
|
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Term
| What does CO2 do, dilate or constrict? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| A decrease in CO2 leads to __? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| An increase in CO2 leads to __? |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in CO2 leads to vasodilation along with __? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A decrease in CO2 leads to constriction along with __? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula to figure out CPP? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three contents of the brain and what are the percentages of each? |
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Definition
| Brain matter (80), blood (10), and CSF (10) |
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Term
| Of the three brain contents, which is the first to decrease and how does it decrease? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does the Monroe-Kellie hypothesis state? |
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Definition
| That an increase in one brain content leads to a decrease in another |
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Term
| What causes increased tissue volume? |
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Definition
| Tumor, edema, bleeding into the brain |
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Term
| What causes increased blood volume? |
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Definition
| Venous obstruction, vasodilation, high levels of CO2 |
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Term
| What causes increased CSF? |
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Definition
| Impaired circulation of CSF, impaired reabsorption, or increased production |
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Term
| In regards to CPP, when does brain cell death begin to happen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A build-up of CSF in the skull, which leads to swelling |
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|
Term
| What are the three types of cerebral edema? |
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Definition
| Vasogenic, cytotoxic, and ischemic |
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Term
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Definition
| Edema in the brain that occurs outside of the brain cells |
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Term
| What causes vasogenic edema? |
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Definition
| Tumors, ischemia, infection, or impaired BBB |
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Term
| What is the etiology for vasogenic edema? |
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Definition
| Tumor, infection, impaired BBB, or ischemia > vasodilation > permebality to proteins > proteins leak out of cells and into ECF > Osmotic force to draw in water > edema |
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Term
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Definition
| When the brain cells swell up with fluid |
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Term
| What causes cytotoxic edema? |
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Definition
| Water intoxication or ischemia |
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Term
| What is the etiology for cytotoxic edema? |
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Definition
| Water intoxication or ischemia > oxidative phosphorylation (inability to make ATP) > failure of Na/K pump > buildup of Na in cell > osmotic force to draw in water > cell swells with water > edema or bursts |
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Term
|
Definition
| A combination of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema |
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Term
| What is the relationship between ICP and CPP? |
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Definition
| Inverse; when one increases, the other decreases |
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|
Term
| What is the relationship between MAP and CPP? |
|
Definition
| Direct relationship; when one increases, the other increases |
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|
Term
| How many stages in increases ICP? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in the first stage of increased ICP? |
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Definition
| Increased CO2, acidosis, or PaO2 <50 > vasodilation > increased CBF > increased CBV > decrease in CSF (because brain tissue can't decrease) > decrease in ICP |
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|
Term
| What happens in the second stage of increased ICP? |
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Definition
| ICP still increased > compensatory mechanisms such as a decrease in CBF > decrease in CPP > if increased ICP is sustained > ischemia > constriction > increase in SBP but DBP remains the same > increase in PP (Cushing's Triad) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Widened PP, increase SBP, bradycardia |
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|
Term
| What happens in the third stage of increased ICP? |
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Definition
| If ICP is still increased > decrease in MAP > dysfunction of autoregulation > increase ICP > herniation |
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Term
|
Definition
| When brain tissue bulges out in crevices or space in the brain due to increased ICP |
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|
Term
| What are the three types of herniation? |
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Definition
| Cingulate herniation, central syndrome, and uncal syndrome |
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|
Term
| What is cingulate herniation? |
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Definition
| When the brain bulges out in the space of the frontal lobe and cingulate gyrus |
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Term
| What is central syndrome? |
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Definition
| When the brain bulges out through the tentorial notch |
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Term
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Definition
| When the brain bulges out through the tentorial notch via the middle fossa which causes compression of the third cranial nerve |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of ICP and herniation? |
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Definition
| Cushing's triad, changes in consciousness, compress of third nerve causes dilation of the pupils, decreased motor function, headache, nausea, vomitting |
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Term
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Definition
| Injury at the site of impact |
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|
Term
| What is a contour coup injury? |
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Definition
| A subsequent injury at the polar end as a result of a primary injury |
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|
Term
| What is a diffuse injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A head injury that may produce a change in consciousness but not actual damage |
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|
Term
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Definition
| An injury that causes actual damage to the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Laceration of brain tissue |
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Term
| What are the three types of hematomas? |
|
Definition
| Epidural, Subdural, and intracerebral |
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|
Term
| What happens in an epidural hematoma? |
|
Definition
| Blood accumulates between the skull and dura, which causes the meningeal artery to tear |
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|
Term
| What happens in a subdural hematoma? |
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Definition
| Blood collects in between the dura and arachnoid space or subarachnoid space, which causes bridge veins in the area to tear |
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Term
| What happens in an intracerebral hematoma? |
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Definition
| Blood accumulates in between the subarachnoid space and pia matter, causing the bridge veins to rupture |
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Term
| What is the difference between a mild, moderate, and severe head injury? |
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Definition
| Mild: in a coma from 6 to 24 hours; moderate: in a coma for less than 24 hours; severe: in a vegetative state |
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Term
| What is the amount of blood flow that is needed to the brian? |
|
Definition
| 750 to 900 ml or 15% of resting cardiac output |
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Term
| What happens if cerebral blood flow is cut off for 30 seconds? |
|
Definition
| Neurological metabolism stops |
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|
Term
| What happens if cerebral blood flow is cut off for 2 minutes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if cerebral blood flow is cut off for 5 minutes? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are some risk factors for stroke? |
|
Definition
| Hypertension, older age, aneurysm, head injury, drug abuse, atherosclerosis, diabetes, smoking, oral contraceptives, alcohol abuse, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history |
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|
Term
| What are the three types of ischemic stroke? |
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Definition
| Thrombotic, lacunar, and embolic |
|
|
Term
| What are the general two types of stroke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a transient ischemic attack? |
|
Definition
| A "ministroke" that blocks blood flow to the brain and lasts less than 1 hour |
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|
Term
| What is the cause of a transient ischemic attack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of a transient ischemic attack? |
|
Definition
| Numbness and weakness of body, trouble with speech (aphasia), visual disturbances |
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|
Term
| What is an ischemic thrombotic stroke? |
|
Definition
| A stroke caused by a blockage of blood due to an atherosclerotic vessel |
|
|
Term
| What is a lacunar infarct? |
|
Definition
| A small vessel stroke that occurs in deep parts of the brain |
|
|
Term
| What is a thrombotic stroke? |
|
Definition
| A stroke that is caused by blood being blocked off in an artery due to a buildup of plaque |
|
|
Term
| What is a hemorrhagic stroke? |
|
Definition
| When a blood vessel bursts inside of the brain, causing fluid to leak into the brain |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An infection in the meninges |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacteria, viruses, and fungi |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of meningitis? |
|
Definition
| Invasion of bacteria in the upper respiraory mucosa > bacteria enters systemic circulation > bacteria enters the CNS > proliferates in CNS > sets off inflammatory response |
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|
Term
| What is a complication of meningitis? |
|
Definition
| SAS is void of function and unable to protect itself against the bacteria, BBB is compromised, inflammation continues, increased ICP |
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|
Term
| What are the symptoms of meningitis? |
|
Definition
| Headache, malaise, fever, stick-neckedness, nausea, vomiting, brudzinski sign kernig's sign |
|
|
Term
| What would labs for meningitis look like? |
|
Definition
| Low glucose, elevated proteins, increased WBCs |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of seizures in regards to cause? |
|
Definition
| Provoked (acquired, secondary) and unprovoked (idiopathic) |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of seizures? |
|
Definition
| Tumors, head trauma, chemic exposure, metabolic or nutritional disorders, vascular disease, infectious disease, genetics |
|
|
Term
| What is a partial seizure? |
|
Definition
| Lasts less than one minutes and involves neurons on one side of the brain |
|
|
Term
| Where on the body does a partial seizure usually start? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of partial seizures? |
|
Definition
| Simple (no LOC) and complex (LOC) |
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|
Term
| What is a general seizure? |
|
Definition
| Lasts more than a minute and involves neurons on both sides of the brain; always involves LOC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A generalized seizure seen in children that consists of a staring spell that lasts a few seconds |
|
|
Term
| What is a tonic clonic seizure? |
|
Definition
| A generalized seizure that consists of sudden LOC followed by muscle rigidity and spasm; aka grand mal |
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|
Term
| What happens during the tonic stage of a tonic clonic seizure? |
|
Definition
| Muscle contraction or tension, spasm, respirations are arrested, incontinence |
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|
Term
| What happens during the clonic stage of a tonic clonic seizure? |
|
Definition
| Relaxing of muscle, eyes roll back, salivation |
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|
Term
| What is the pathophysiology for a generalized seizure? |
|
Definition
| Hypersensitive neuron stimulated > cells fire in increasing frequenct and amplitude until threshold is met > tonic stage > clonic stage |
|
|
Term
| What is Parkinson's disease and what is the etiology? |
|
Definition
| A mobility disorder where dopamine-producing cells in the body are dysfunctional, which then results in the degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of Parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
| Genetics, age, infection, atherosclerosis leading to necrosis of basal ganglia, head trauma, drug abuse |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
| Tremors, rigidity, involuntary contraction of mucles, bradykinesia (slowness in initiating and performing movements), excessive sweating |
|
|
Term
| What is the patho for a spinal cord injury? |
|
Definition
| Trauma > fracture/damagedisloction to/of spinal cord > blood flow to spinal cord is compromised |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of spinal cord injuries? |
|
Definition
| Flexion (tearing and dislocation of the posterior ligaments), hyperextension (tearing and dislocation of the anterior ligaments), and compression (vertebrae is crushed and bony fragments are pushed into the spine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A loss of reflexes below the level of injury which can last from 7 to 20 days until reflexes return |
|
|
Term
| What happens with an injury above C6 of the spinal column? |
|
Definition
| Paralysis of all four extremities |
|
|
Term
| What happens in an injury above C4 of the spinal column? |
|
Definition
| Loss of respiratory muscle function |
|
|
Term
| What happens when there is injury to the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral areas of the vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| Paralysis of the lower extremities |
|
|
Term
| What is a complication of spinal cord injuries? |
|
Definition
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