Geography

Ready chptr 1

• Mountains are folded
• 300 different samples of minerals (mixed bag)
• slowed development due to lack of deep resources
• No deep ports.
• coastline contributed to isolation
• Outerbanks shifting..dangerous

E-W Orientation

Ready Chapter 1

• state is laid out East to West
• Rivers run North to South
• Contributes to Sectionalism and Isolationism as well as slow development

Sir Walter Raleigh

Ready Chapter 2

[image]

• Queen Elizabeth's part time favorite
• Lobbied Queen for a charter to develop colonies in Carolina
• Never visited NC
• No settlements were successful
• His mistakes were improved upon by Jamestown Settlement.

English, French, Spanish

Ready Chapter 2

• French: missionaries and soldiers
• Spanish:  gold
• English: needed land!  looking for a new agricultural base.

Native Americans

Ready Chapter 2

[Raleigh] used 2 natives to get Queen to agree to fund more expeditions.

• Piedmont and mountain tribes are not wiped out quickly due to isolation.
• language groups:
• Algonquin
• Siouxian
• Iroquian

• Tuscarora
• went to war with colonist down east.

• Part of the Iroquan language group.

Lost Colony

Ready Chapter 2

• landed at Roanoke in late summer Cape Hattaras 22 July 1587
• led by John White(who was emplored to leave colonists and return to England for supplies five weeks after landing)
• return of ships with supplies delayed by Spanish Armada
• John White returned August 1590 no sign of colonists.  
• only found "Croatoan" carved on tree.
• chests were found buried on beach.

1712

Ready Chapter 2

• Tuscarora Indians raid Albemarle settlements United tribes and waged war. September 1711 until March 1713
• Eventually they are all defeated.
• Col. John Barnwell and a relief force sent from South Carolina.(Tuscarora Jack)
• Found the region so desolated that he suggest that the North be abandoned and everyone relocated to South Carolina. 
• North Carolina(either as part of the orginal Carolina grant or as province almost ceased to exist).
• Lords Proprietors decided to split the poor and desolate north from the prosperous south (around Charleston).
• Named Edward Hyde first governor of the northern part of Carolina 24 January 1712.

 Difficulties in defending area leads to break between North and South Carolina.

Proprietors

Ready Chapter 3

• 8 men appointed by King Charles II to oversee territories of NC/SC.
• King is rewarding them for helping to restore the monarchy.
• Not a Royal colony-> it is a Proprietary colony.  
• They need to sell land to raise taxes to make profits $$
• Do not come to the New World

Assembly

Ready Chapter 2

• legislature in North Carolina modelled after House of Burgesses in Va.
• named the General Assembly in Charter of 1665
• Assembly believes there is some sort of democracy here.
• liberalized voting and office holding
• Lower House assumed right to incorporate towns, regulate Indian affairs, approve religious establishments, levy taxes, control business, issue currency, enact slave codes, and install courts.
• Decreased power of Governor, Lords Proprietor and Royal control.

They think they are a representational govt.

Charters

Concessions and Agreement 1665

Ready Chapter 3 

• Carolina's first written constitution.

•  adjusted parameters of the land.
• Gave the Proprietor's extensive rights of governance. They could divide Carolina into several colonies if need arose.
• Permitted churches other than
  Church of England to be established and maintained.

Rebellions

John Gibbs 1689

Ready Chapter 3

• 1689
• challenged the authority of newly appointed Governor, P. Ludwell(Virginian).
• son of a duke's proprietorship, he thought he should be governor due to noble cacique.
• tried to secure position by force against popular support of Ludwell.
• claim ended when the Fundamental Constitutions were suspended in 1691

 Charters

1663 Proprietor's Charter for Carolina

Ready Chapter 3

• Carolina Charters 1663 from King Charles II
• 1663 grants land to 8 Proprietors
• could make laws with the advice, assent, and  approbation of the colonists (Charter Rights)
• The phrase Charter Rights ( from the above clause) caused colonists to believe they had power of approval.  They began to see their role as the law making body (legislature).
• Generous Religious Tolerance in order to attract immigrants.
• leads to confrontation between colonists and Lords Proprietors.

Charters

Fundamental Constitutions

1669-1698

Ready Chapter 3

• "Grand Model" good example of idea Lords Proprietors set up but were never really implemented
• 1669-1698 main purpose to protect Proprietors interests to avoid democracy!
• tried to create a Feudal society

Charters

Great Deed of Grant 1668

Ready Chapter 3

• established to encourage settlers to come from Virginia to move to NC (Albemarle region)
• Lords Proprietors had to pay rent to King Charles and they wanted $$ tax revenue $$

[image]

1663-1729

period of chaos

independent-minded colonists

not well-run

trait that continues in NC through till 20th c.

1729-1776

NC becomes a Royal Colony

English Parlaiment sought to reassert control over colony.

leads to alot of conflict

tried to assert that Anglican Church was official church.

colonists already had est. methods of worship(didn't want anything to do with COE)

not a very church going colony!

Class, Society, and Culture

Ready Chapter 4

• Janet Schaw and Charles Woodmason:think colonists are slobs, poorly educated.
• Woodmason:  Anglican misisonary reports savages, common law marriages
• Schaw:  English upperclass reports no defined class system.  how rude colonists were (spoke to her like she was an equal) didn't recognize their betters
• "Best Poor Man's Colony"

Religion

Ready Chapter 4

• Anglicans /Church of England
• "Protestant Pluralism" created by the religious toleration of the early charters and the diversity of the backgrounds of the early settlers

Dissenters

Ready Chapter 4

any religious group that wasn't Anglicans.

less formal worship

made up of Presbyterians, Baptists, Quakers, and later Methodists.

Religion

Moravians

Ready Chapter 4

• came from Pennsylvania and settled in Piedmont
• (settled Wachovia)
• around Winston-Salem (old Salem)
• separate religion  not a part of Regulator Rebellion

very intent Christians

"Significantly but Not Institutionally dominant"

Ready chapter 5

• slavery:
• not large plantations.
• slave holders did not dominate government in NC like in Va and SC
• Small slave holding families. (25-30% of population)
• most Plantations in Eastern part of colony.
• some slaves in back country.

1715 Act

1741 Act

Ready Chapter 5

• 1715: Addressed Indentured Servents.
• primary labory force from 1660's till 1720's
• YOU had obligation to servents
• Tuscarora war 1712..slaves helped out Native Americans.  

**Stono River Rebellion in SC scared people in white NC! 1739

1741 geared toward controlling slavery.  

Shifts in Atlantic slave trade doesn't make sense to purchase Indentured Servents.  Could purchase slave -> you  get them for life.

David Walker

Ready Chapter 5

• black man born free in Wilmington, NC
• 1831 encouraged slaves to revolt, run away, and if necessary kill your master.
• Moved NC toward a more Southern, slave holding state.
• wrote, "Appeal to colored peoples of the world"

Harriet Jacobs

Ready Chapter 5

• born into slavery.
• ran away and hid for many years in an attic.
• New owner had made sexual advances to her.
• Once she made it up north, wrote a book detailing slave masters sexually abusing slaves.

Royal Prerogative

Ready Chapter 6

• establishing not only rights and privileges granted to ranks and classes but also those political precedents and priorities imparted by Royal authority.
• auth. fell to governors, counsilors, and judges who were appointed and not elected by general assemblies
• "whatever we say goes"
• Governors could control the opening and closing of legislature, call for new elections, and veto or suspend laws.

"Knaves Alike"

Ready Chapter 6

• philosophy of back country farmers in the western and piedmont part of the state.
• rampant distrust of both the Royal Govt(Tryon) and the Whigs(Sons of Liberty).
• They felt that politicians and government were just in it for themselves and all were "knaves alike"

Thomas Polk

Kars 1

Chapter 2

• began as Patriot..bought off
• Justice of the Peace became sympathetic to famers versus Henry E McCullough
• then he rose up against Regulators after given title and power by H E M
• he was a back country elite. (pg 21)

Competency

Kars 1

Chapter 1

• improve farms, pass on lands to future generations
• need for family continuity
•  Religious law: do what's right.  
• these famers were not slave minded.

Granville district

Kars 1

Chapter 2

• Lord Carteret inherited large chunk of land in NC (Proprietorship)  
• only Proprietor not to sell land to crown.
• Huge land owner (can collect taxes)
• land is run by Royal govt.  
• Crown doesn't like it because they aren't getting revenues.
• confusion over land ownership 
• 1763:  Cartaret dies and situation gets worse
• leads in part to 1766 Regulator Rebellion

Squatter

Kars 1

Chapter 2

• move into land, clear it, plant crops.
• felt entitled to land
• think they are settlers.  
• Very angry with land speculators.

Henry Eustace McCullough

*midterm exam question*

• land speculator
• son of Henry McCullough who owns lots of land in Scotland.
• kicking squatters off land
• hangs with Edmund Fanning (local official)

• H E M tried to send surveyors.  
• Farmers rose up to rebel.  
• McCullough took them to court and won.

Edmund Fanning

Kars 1

Chapter 2

• chief antagonist against Regulators
• buddies with Gov. Tryon and McCullough.
• lawyer, state legislature, judge
• very hated by farmers
• no justice for squatters.

compare language of McCullough (pg 48)

and Thomas Polk (pg 51)

Susanna Rains

Kars 1

Chapter 3

• she and husband in debt due to usury rates(interest)
• common farmers who work their land not self-sufficient.  
• Part of the market society
• accused of burning down Thomas Lowes' barn.

What was not a major theme of our course

quiz question

What caused major demise of Native Americans?

quiz question

Most imporant English Promotor?

quiz question

Name of the 1669 Document?

quiz question

Not a dissenting Protestant group

quiz question

NC slave laws in response to Stono Rebellion of SC

quiz question

who wrote "Appeal to the Colored"

quiz question

who was Poor Judith?

quiz question

Rebellions

Thomas Cary 1712

Ready Chapter 3

• 1712 Proprietors anme independent governor of North Carolina Edward Hyde
• Thomas Cary head govt from 1708 until 1711
• Cary and his followers sail a small ship into Albemarle Sound, shoot two cannonballs onto the roof of a house where Edward Hyde is meeting, try to sail away, and run ship aground.

Charles Woodmason

Kars 1

Chapter 5

• Anglican itinerant minister
• was first a well to do Planter
• People are savages.  you need an educated minister to interpret and minster to people.
• they aren't religious.  these laypeople only confused settlers and led them away from true religion.

Popular Protest

Kars III

Chapter 7

• goes back to old world traditions (parading officials thru town and humilliating them)
• strand of political thought:
• rested  on notion that people could protect their liberties by transferring part of their power and sovereignty to government.
• Officials abused trust;
• forceful popular resistance was deemed a civic duty crucial to the preservation of the public good.

Sons of Liberty (Whigs)

Kars III

Chapter 7

• abbhored rash actions and unneccesary violence,
• acted on behalf of liberty and property
• worried about the loss of ancient liberties
• underminning of the Constitution.

Religion

Anglicans

Church of England

Ready Chapter 4

• Elitest..mainly down East.
• formal worship/with ordained and educated Priests
• although set up in the early Charters, it was met with indifference and failure to become state religion.
• absence and inadequacy of Anglican clergymen led to failure.

Religion

Common Law Marriage

Ready Chapter 4

• Most marriages were lay contracts not legal ones
• most early settlers married by making reciprocal vows, posting banns
• often followed the birth of child or after sexual relationship
• the informal practices proved more durable, more favorable to women and children, and less prone to divorce than legal ones centuries later.

the Assembly

 KarsIII

Chapter 8

• passed no measures during the Oct. 1769 legislature that benefited the Piedmont Farmers despite the fact that Husband and others were elected as reps.
• Tryon prorogued the legislature before any used issues could be brought up.
• Assembly that met in November of 1769 enacted only measures that would give the appearance of alleviating hardships while actually keeping in place the economic and political system that they profitted from.

Religion

Quakers

Ready Chapter 4

• dominated the religious life of colonial North Carolina
• appeared in Albemarle region in 1672
• "society of friends"
• wielded power in first assemblies until the Cary Rebellion of 1711.
• Pacifists who followed the "inner light"
• Democrats and anti-authoritarian

Legitimacy

Kars III

Chapter 7

• focus on word legitimate

in this society, what protest groups are legit?

not legit?

• Sons of Liberty see themselves as legitimate
• farmers who protested government were not considered legitimate

Treating

Kars III

Chapter 7

• Protestors outside of Hillsborough at the Eno River.  
• E Fanning is on one side; future Regulators on the other.  
• Fanning brings rum and beer(long standing tradition) to lower classes and pass around drinks to dissolve conflict.
• Hamilton tells men not to accept Fannings' bribe.  
• Hurts his pride, very unique response; commoners never refuse.

Loyal, deferential, reluctant, revolutionaries

Kars III

Chapter 8

• Kars def. of Regulators
• Loyal to King George
• Loyal to Gov. Tryon, he just doesn't know about their dilemma.
• deferential to leadership, they implore them for help.

Governor Tryon

Kars III

Chapter 8

• did little to help.  
• he inflamed the situation.
• He wants to fight, takes an aggressive stance towards the Regulators.

Hillsborough 1768

Kars III

Chapter 8

• conflict between Tryon and Regulators.  
• Brought Herman Husband to court.
• Fanning found guilty of corruption, and only fined 1 penny for each infraction.

• slap in the face of to the farmers who were seeking justice.

Religion

Presbyterians

Ready chapter 4

• prevalent in early colonial life NC
• lacked to elements essential to their practice: educated and dedicated clergy, and discipline of the synod(council of the church)
• Scots-Irish immigrants from Pa and and Va brought Presbyteriansim, with distrust of England and Anglican church

One penny

Kars III

Chapter 8

• Hillsborough Superior Court 1768
• Fanning found guilty of corruption, and only fined 1 penny for each infraction.

slap in the face of to the farmers who were seeking justice.

Tryon's Palace

Ready Chapter 9

• New Bern. cost of building creates a tax burden
• superfluous to back country farmers
• Grand Estate (Whigs) let NC create a status symbol.
• East: wealthy Planter support
• West: didn't trust East/became symbol for back country of oppression for the poor.

5 Agrarian Demands

Kars III

Chapter 9

• Reform of political process
• debt collection
• abolition of the regressive poll taxes
• grievances about land
• establishment of the Anglican Church

Minerals

Ready Chapter 1

• over 300 samples "nature's sample case"
• due to small samples, NC developed more slowly and diversely than Va and Sc.

Regulators

Kars IV

Chapter 12

• "disarmed" and reduced "to pity"
• the Battle of Alamance and the punitive march of the army through Regulator settlements effectively ended the collective attempts of Piedmont farmers to create a society more conducive to the autonomy and freedom of independent farming families.

Hillsborough 1770

Kars IV

Chapter 10

• Superior court 9/1772
• didn't kill Fanning when they captured him.
• The protestors levelled Fannings home(which was a tradition)
• They didn't destroy the mercantile, so they were not an out of control mob.

Tryon and the Assembly

Kars IV

Chapter 10

• Tryon has no plans for reformation
• Tryon has elevated tensions with Sons of Liberty
• they unite against the Regulators.  
• the Whigs see back country as a group that needs to be put down.
•  Tryon provides funds for the Assembly that he can get from King.
•  The Assembly want money for their own projects.  

Johnston Riot Act

Kars IV
Chapter 10

• used jurisprudence from Salem Witch trials
• barred more than 10 from forming a group
• could be hunted and killed if you didn't turn yourself in
• your property could be sold
• it was retroactive!

the farmers were not treated as Englishmen-more like slaves.  Orin and Terminer courts.

Popular Sympathy vs. elites EW

Kars IV

Chapter 11

• sympathy for Regulators grows
• elites become worried
• militia members recruited from down east
• had trouble getting militia members in the west

English Law

Kars IV

Chapter 11

• Regulators not treated as Englishmen
• not a legitimate government
• gives them an excuse to take action

Alamance

Kars IV

Chapter 11

• battle between Tryon and Regulators
• Tryon overwhelms farmers with guns and ammo
• hung Regulators without a trial

Josiah Martin

Kars IV
Chapter 12

• suceeded Tryon as governor
• Fanning goes to Ny with Tryon as his assist.
•  began by believing elites.  
• took a tour of west, becomes sympathetic towards back country farmers

Whigs

Kars IV

Chapter 12

• heading to revolution, but also the elite.
• not in favor of poor people getting a hold of Revolution.

Regulators

Kars IV

Chapter 12

• don't trust Whigs or Loyalists
• "knaves alike"
• They sit out the Revolution for the most part.

Epilogue

 for midterm

Kars

• Regulators world view  215-216 for midterm
• connections between Lords Proprietors, Regulators, Civil War
• the distrust of authority
• self governance
• no large government
• Regligious-non-denominational.

Josiah Martin

Ready

chptr 7

• Royal governor who replaced Tryon took over in 1771.
• 1774 flees to Wilmington and gets on a ship to await Cornwallis.
• ambitious and opportunist.
• hesitated to take risks and referred everything to England.
• ineffectual-couldn't work with Eastern assembly members.  
• pg. 107 "Brittain must assert and establish her just rights and authority in the Colonies ...or give up forever all pretensions to dominion over them" written to Lord Dartmough in 1775. 
• 1774 more Tories than Whigs.  As decade moves on, more people become Whigs.
• by 1780's 50% are Tories.  These 

Edmund Fanning

Kars III

chptr 7

• Orange County Assembleymen who stood up the Sandy Creek Association
• said the famers were trying to usurp power and looked on their meeting as an insurrection.
• spent the Fall of of 1766 discrediting the Sandy Creek Assoc and intimidating the population.

Baptists

Ready Chapter 4

• Radical Protestants who came early in colony's history.
• restless, seekers, never having enough religion, splintering, always takig stock of religious life.
• Shubal Stearns founded Sandy Creek Church, the mother of all separate baptists. 
• Baptists began to form associatioins in 1758 with the Sandy Creek Association
• By the beginning of the Revolution, they are the dominant Prot. denomination in the colony.

Granville District

Ready 

Chptr 7

1773

Ready

chptr 7

Religion

Sandy Creek Association

Ready Chapter 4

• founded by Shubal Stearns in 1758

• Incorporated other independent Baptist and Separate Baptist congregations into its own.
• "became the Mother of all Separate Baptists"

Harvey, Harnett, Hooper

Ready 

chptr 7

• 3 outspoken Radicals from down east who formed committe of Correspondance.
• called for a Provisional Congress
• sent pamphlets out

Provincial Congress 3 1-4

Ready

chptr 7

Edenton Tea Party

Ready

chptr 7

• Oct. 1774, group of more than 36 ladies met at home of Mrs. Elizabeth King in Edenton and over tea agreed to an association to support the Prov. Congress
• to do everything in their power to testify to their sincere aherence to the same.
• promised to quit drinking English tea, not to wear English linens, until tax is repealed.

Meck Resolves (5/31/75)

Ready vs. Powell

chptr 7

• Meck. county by Safety Committee.  
• Denies sovereignty of the crown.  
• June of 1775 they will stop following the rules of the crown.  
• One year before Decl. of Ind.  
• Ready says it was a radical document.
• Powell argues that the Meck Resolves is feeling the obvious void of no functional government.  Just filler until we get leadership back in place.

A move toward Independence.

Meck Dec (5/20/75)

Ready chptr 7

• allegedly declares itself renouncing of the Kings.  
• supposedly takes place 11 days before the Meck. Resolves.  

Moore Creek Bridge (2/26/76)

Ready

chptr 7

• Whigs won battle against Loyalists.
• Set the Loyalists back; caused them to retreat and not be as visible in the war.  
• Sent shock waves and fear through NC and kept them out of the war.  

Halifax Resolves (4/12/76)

Ready chptr 8

• 3 months beforeDeclaration of Independence
•  they will support those who vote for independence.  
• They will join the movement in Philadelphia.  
• The functioning govt. says they will join with the rest of the colonies.
•  We are one of the leading states for Independence.

Halifax Convention

Provincial Congress 5

Ready

chptr 8

• delegates that would write a new, permanent constitution for the state.
• divisions among Whigs.
• Conservative Whigs: Johnston, Hooper, Iredell (strong executive/feared popular democracy)
• Willie Jones, G Rutherford, Person radical whigs wanted simple democracy(power in hands of the people)Anti-Federalists
• Old Regulators wanted Bill of Rights!

Conservative vs. Radical Whigs

Ready

chptr 8

• Very important big idea.
• splits the political spectrum.
• Conservatives:  fearful for movement toward popular democracy.  want a powerful executive.  want property protected. appointed judiciary.

 Radical Whigs: want democracy.  want legislature to be the strongest.  More power in the hands of the people.  elected judiciary.  religious freedom.  free press. 

1776 N C Constitution

Ready

chptr 8

• Radical whigs are more powerful.  
• The governor has very little power.  
• State creates Constitution that distrusts powerful govt.
•  More power in the legislature.  
• Includes a Bill of Rights!  
• Protects radical whigs voice from big government.

Cornwallis, Gates, Caswell, Camden (SC)

Ready

chptr 8

• Cornwallis left in command of Royal southern forces
• Camden, SC is strategically located between  2 Carolinas and is to be jumping off place  for British conquest of NC
• H. Gates commands Southern division of Continental Forces
• Richard Caswell, commanded North Carolinian milita for the Continental Forces
• Massacre for the Southern army of Continental forces.  Gates and Caswell flee to Charlotte.  Baron de Kalb(leader of the continental army) dies.

Martin and the N C Loyalists

Ready

chptr 8

• Gov. Martin is last royal governor.
• forced to flee Wilmington and waits off shore till Cornwallis picks him up.
• comes ashore with Cornwallis and believes that due to the Regulators, North Carolina is full of Loyalists.
• He passes this information to Cornwallis and this inspires Cornwallis to head into North Carolina against orders from Sir Henry Clinton.
• Martin did not understand the people of NC.  the Loyalists took a wait and see approach, when they saw the battle turning, they remained passive.

Kings Mtn-Ferguson, Overmountain men, Tarleton's Quarter

Ready chptr 8

Ferguson, commander of the British troops.  The moutain men are fighting for their land, wives, and  lifestyle.  The mountain men wipe out Ferguson.  

•  Tarleton's quarter:  Tarleton(waxhaws of NC and the patriots aren't allowed to surrender)   wouldn't let troops surrender/so the overmountain men cry Tarleton's Quarter and leave no survivors.  
• Men get to King's mountain and take up positions.  They are rested when the battle comes to them.  It is a major victory for the Revolution.

• Cowpens and Kings Mountain.  Arguably a turning point in war.  Back country folks fighting to protect land and families.  Cornwallis thought the Loyalists would rush to their banner.  Once Kings Mountain happened, the Loyalists begin to dissipate and leave the British on their own.  Lots of colonists are formal Regulators who distrust everyone.  No local support/food and shelter.

Greene, Morgan, Tarleton, Cowpens

Ready

chptr 8

• Daniel Morgan, celebrated Indian fighter from the Va. mountains.  Led half of Greenes' troops out of Charlotte to the west.
• Cornwallis sends Tarleton(bully) to chase down this army, while Greene's forces are split.
• stopped in January of 1981(Morgan) to face Tarleton's oncoming army.  Morgan had militiamen and army regulars.
• Tarleton famous for giving no-quarter.
• Brillian strategy by Morgan(layers sharpshooters, militiamen, and calvary.  Tells the militia, all they have to shoot is 3 times then they can leave. 
• works great/militia men stay on and fight.

Greene, Davidson, Cowan's Ford

Ready

chptr 9

• Huntersville, NC
• at 2am Cornwallis attempts to lead his army across the Catawba at Cowan's Ford
• although below flood stage, the waters were swollen.  soldiers had to wade chest deep, with rifles over their head. 
• Continentals led William Davidson and 500 militia began shooting from behind trees.
• Cornwallis lost 200-300 soldiers in the clash.

Guilford Courthouse-Greene, Cornwallis

Ready

chptr 9

• March from Kings Mtn. through Charlotte to Greensboro(Morgan led Cornwallis on a "merry dance")
• (Guilford Courthouse).  British technically won/because the Americans withdrew.  In reality this was a stalemate.  Good choice for Americans/beat up Cornwallis and troops and then Greene withdrew to survive for another day. 
•  Very important battle-BIG PICTURE- Cornwallis heads to Wilmington and then to Yorktown, VA and surrenders the Revolutionary war.

N C Loyalists

Ready

chptr 9

• Mardch 1781 Cornwallis has Martin issue a proclamation that, "all loyal subjects to stand forth and take an active part in resorting good order and government."
• not many showed up, and those who did left as soon as they heard of Greene's pursuit of Cornwallis.
• Cornwallis wrote, "our experience has shown that their [Loyalist] numbers were not so great as had been represented and that their friendship was only passive."

Thomas Jefferson's philosophy

Ready

chptr 10

• simplicity, frugality, and a government that left people free to "regulate" their own pursuits of industry and improvement.
• states and not a central govt. were the most competent administrators of our domestic needs.

David Fanning

Ready

chptr 10

o   Pledged to fight against the Whigs of the backcountry, he was a Tory,

He was looking out for his own interests, there is no real government to regulate his actions, this shows how weak the government was.

• former indentured servent, used Revolution to promote himself.  Once he gets a commission, he leaves Cornwallis and pillages the countryside.

He was also known for capturing the governor.

Edmund Fanning, was Tryon’s right hand man and against the regulators, David Fanning was the symbol of the chaos in the state at the time. 

women

Ready

chptr 10

• 51 women met in Edenton to endorse the non-imporation agreement in 1774(edenton tea party)
• women on both sides of politcal debate were active in a political realm, they were less bloodthirsty than their husbands/sons.
• Women pleaded on behalf of the Loyalist wives to be returned from their homes.
• women manned hospitals and were battlefield nurses.

Conservative vs Radical Whigs

Ready

chptr 10

• conservatives became the Federalist faction during the fight over the US constitution; They became the US party, the Federalists. 
• The radicals Whigs became part of the Anti-Federalists, and were anti-constitution

• o   Both are anti-British

  o   Whigs after independence

  o   Conservative still like property vs. Whigs that liked democracy

  o   Conservative wanted BIG gov, radicals wanted just the opposite

Regs, currency, property, Bayard vs. Singleton

Ready

chptr 10

·         Regs, currency, poverty, Bayard v. Singleton

§  Bayard v. Singleton  1787

§  In Bayard v. Singleton, Elizabeth Bayard attempts to recover property confiscated because her father was a Loyalist. Spyers Singleton has purchased the property from the state. Judges declare the Confiscation Act, passed by the General Assembly during the American Revolution, unconstitutional. The decision is the first in the United States to declare an act passed by a legislature as contrary to a written constitution.

Federalists:  Hooper, Johnston, Williamson, Davie, Iredell

Ready

chptr 10

o   Old conservative whigs: power, rules, etc.

o   From east coast – where money is

o   Radicals: back country; distrusted Tryon

Anti-Feds (Republicans)

Jones, Person, Locke, Spencer

Ready

chptr 10

Rebellions

Edward Teach 1718

Ready Chapter 3

• known as BlackBeard the Pirate.
• bribed Governor Eden with supplies and relief from threats.
• Eden made Blackbeard and crew citizens of North Carolina.
• Eden's political enemies, headed by Mosely and Moore pleaded with Va to intervene with Teach's priracy.
• November 1718 private army commanded by Robert Maynard killed Teach and took his ship.
• Ellis Brand of Royal Navy then went ovland to Bath(capital city) and sacked the town looking for evidence of Blackbeard's piracy.  took supplies from governor and his assist.
• Underscored feebleness of Proprietary control!

States Rights

Ready

Chapter 11

Bill of Rights (compare to Powell's interpretation)

Ready

Chapter 11

• at the beginning the absence of a bill of rights was unsettling;
• they wanted their rights as citizens to be written down;
• NC and Rhode Island refused to ratify it because they wanted a Bill of Right – A great example of how NC distrusted government.  Ready doesn’t think this was reason they didn’t ratify it, but Powell does.
•  

Hillsborough and Fayetteville conventions-why?

Ready

Chapter 11

• Hillsborough and Fayetteville conventions – Hillsborough convention shot it down (1787)
• Fayetteville was in 1789 – they ratified it then formally joined the United States

Hamilton

Ready

Chapter 11

Raleigh

Ready

Chapter 11

To keep from being burned like Columbia, Sc

Raleigh surrendered to Sherman on 13 april 1965

UNC, Caldwell

Ready

Chapter 11

• UNC system proposed by the Federalists to educate the “new elite” of the state and to show that we could be educated;
• Federalist wanted to educate religious and elite;
• Antifederalist disagreed and wanted more secular and classic “Universal” education (education meaning white middle class men). 
• Caldwell was the first president.  UNC was the first public University to open – first big step in public higher education. 

Presby, Methodists, Baptists

Ready

Chapter 11

Nathaniel Macon

Ready

Chapter 11

• prosperous planter; Speaker of the House; was a senator for 13 years;
• was nationally known; was more Jeffersonian than Jefferson; very strict interpretation of the constitution;
• Jeffersonian’s took a strict view of the government; wasn’t a fan of big government AT ALL. 
•  Macon was really angry about the Louisiana Purchase.  Thought that the president should bring his own furniture.    

Archibald D Murphy

Ready

chptr 11

• Staunch Neo-Federalist wanted to wake up NC and move away from Jeffersonian model of govt.
• - Wrote reports to show the necessary improvement needed by the state government for the roads, railways, etc. 
• Ready says he was the self-appointed spokesman and prophet for internal improvements
• He felt that there should be a bigger government to improve society and encourage the economy. 
• Exact opposite of Macon. 
• Murphey argued that education would improve society in North Carolina.

Dudley, Gaston, Swain, Moorehead, Graham, Caldwell

Ready

Chptr 11

• leaders in the western part of NC in the 1830's that were Neo-Federalist.
• Saw in Archibald Murphey's reports a way out of poltical and sectional gridlock that curtailed representation in the western counties.
• Calls to amend the 1776 Constitution so that there would be representation for the growing Western counties.
• education, internal improvements, equitable representation,
• New national party, the Democrats lead by Pres. Andrew Jackson created a two party system in the nation.  It favored down east big money Republicans became Jacksonian Democrats.

Dems vs. Whigs

Ready

Chptr 11

• Democrats were mostly in the East (wealthy elite);
• the Whigs were more activists (Abraham Lincoln)
• Democrats were more conservative of the parties todays

1835 Convention

Ready

chptr 11

• we have a stale constitution (1776);
• brand new constitution in North Carolina; mainly Western North Carolina wanted change;
• by 1835 everyone was moving out to the backcountry and everyone there wanted more representation;
• 1835 took away AA men’s right to vote;
•  had Catholics moving into the state so they had to change constitution to allow Catholics in office

Slavery and race

Ready

chptr 11

• about 35% of the population was enslaved;
• in that late 1820’s and 1830’s, Nat Turner Rebellion happened,
• North Carolinians were “Freaked out” and they began to inflict harsher laws on AA

Horton, Walker

Ready

chptr 11

State vs. Will

Ready

chptr 11

Railroads

Ready

chptr 11

Gold, Turpentine, bright legs

Ready

chptr 11

textiles

Ready

chptr 11

education: Calvin Wiley

Ready

chapter 11

• father of education in NC
• 1840's created and defined role of Superintendent of Schools
• used railroads to help reach outlying counties.
• Murphey-like missionary

Religion

Ready

chptr 11

18th, 19th centuries

Ready Chapter 5

• Uniqueness. 
• slaveholders did not run the government like in sc and va

Barrier Islands

Ready chptr 1

• Coastal landform and type of barrier system.
• relatively narrow stips of sand that parallel the mainland coast; Outer Banks
• Helped shape the earlies settlement of NC

"oppression and autonomy"

Ready Chapter 5

• early history of slavery in NC
• frequent mistreastment by slaveowners meant that slaves could take to the swamps or join Indian bands and groups where they formed triracial societies.

Ralph Lane

Chptr 2 Ready

• Experienced military officer on Raleigh's 2nd expedition
• Lane considered it military and he was "true commander"
• Wrote letter hinting that if new lands could be claimed by England, they would decrease dependance on Europe.(need for agriculture)
• Set up like a fort rather than settlement, ran out of supplies and finally rescued by Sir Francis Drake.
• Settlement failed!

John White

Ready chptr 2

• Appointed as governor by Raleigh to head up the "second colonies" in the new land of Virginia
• Landed in Hattaras July 1587 to pick up the 15 men left by Lane.  ended up staying there to set up the colony.
• Christened Manteo and gave him a noble title(per Raleigh)
• Granddaughter Virginia Dare born 5 days later
• After 5 weeks(they landed too late to plant, natives were becoming hostile and refused to trade with them), White is emplored to return to England and beg provisions on their behalf.
• He landed right in the middle of England and Spain conflict and all ships were commandeered to fight the Spanish Armada.
• Only able to return to Roanoke Island in Aug. 1590~no one there.
• Perhaps most lasting contribution to the historical record are his drawings of the first Algonquins and their daily life!

Rebellions 

Culpepper's Rebellion

Ready chptr 3

1667

• took force of 40 and captured oppositon leader, seized revenues and records, arrested assembleymen, called for "free parlaiment". 
• Formed idea that beleagured citizenry could "riot" and set up a "free parlaiment"

Seth Sothel

Ready chptr 3

• Governor of North Carolina 1682
• Lord's Proprietor who could have solved many of the colonist's problems
• worst governor..captured by algerian pirates, and took up post 1683 after being ransomed.
• bitter, he used his warrant as governor to arrest those who complained against him.
• angry colonists arrested Sothel, tried him in the assembly and forcibly removed him from the colony in 1689

Sounds and cities

Ready chptr 4

• due to lack of deepwatr ports, development of settlements began around the Sounds, Albemarle, Pamlico
• settlement grew out of the area and snaked along adjoining streams and rivers, like the fingers of a hand
• towns such as New Bern and Bath became jumping off places .
• didn't develop heavily settled areas such as Charleston.
• citizens began to prefer smaller towns and commumities with broader political representation that recognized individual towns and their economic, political, and social significance.

Education, roads

Ready chptr 4

• no major schools
• even families of the elite rarely chose higher learning had an idea that they
• general education in the 18th c for the public took on all the qualities of a missionary effort aimed at the white heathen.
• vastly illiterate population
• bad roads
• poor transportation
• difficult travel
• isolation of early colonists

Diseases and Trade

Ready

Chapter 12  

 Cherokee

§  population went from 20,000 to 12,000, big impact mid 1750s

Cherokee Women

Ready

Chapter 12

Cherokee

§  Initially had high position; names descended from mother instead of father.

Sequoyah, Boudinot, Ross

Chapter 12 Ready

• 1821 Sequoyah completes his work of establishing the Cherokee alphabet, making the Cherokee people the only group of American Indians to have a written language

Quallah, Lufty, Eastern Band

Ready

Chapter 12  

§  They were divisions of the Cherokee

§  Qualla: are the luffy, two names for the same group. Both Cherokee. They are subgroups of Cherokee nation

§  Luffy: group that lives by the river

§  Eastern Band: Both become eastern band

• They were more isolated from the other Cherokee. 
•  More racially pure/more isolated and less mixing with outsiders. 
• Us Government policty demanded that Cherokee be removed to OK/..trail of tears… 
• Only the Lufty were left behind(part due to Tsali and part due to WH Thomas).   Wil-Usdi (WH Thomas)

Wil-Usdi (W.H Thomas)

Ready

Chapter 12

• White man adopted into Cherokee. 
• Son of white settlers.  Adopted by a chief. 
• He was a merchant/mercantile owner.
•  Became a lawyer and represented the rights of the Cherokee in courts. 
• He wanted them to become citizens of North Carolina.  So they had rights to own land and with it the rights it imparts. 

Removal (New Echota, Trail of Tears, Tsali)

Ready

Chapter 12

• 1836 The Senate approves the Cherokee Removal Treaty by one vote.
• 1838 Approximately 17,000 North Carolina Cherokee are forcibly removed from the state to the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). This event becomes known as the Trail of Tears. An estimated 4,000 Cherokee people die during the 1,200-mile trek. A few hundred Cherokee refuse to be rounded up and transported. They hide in the mountains and evade federal soldiers. Eventually, a deal is struck between the army and the remaining Cherokee. Tsali, a leading Cherokee brave, agrees to surrender himself to General Winfield Scott to be shot if the army will allow the rest of his people to stay in North Carolina legally. The federal government eventually establishes a reservation for the Eastern Band of Cherokee.
• 1842 Those Cherokee who avoided forced removal in 1838 and remained in North Carolina are given citizenship. In 1848 Congress grants them a small amount of money to use for the purchase of land.
• Tsali(also called Charlie) is legendary character from Cherokee drama "Unto these Hills".  killed soldier, turned himself in and was executed, to save the rest of tribe.

American Revolution, Civil War

Ready

Chapter 12

Ellis, Holden

Ready

Chapter 13

• Ellis  The state Governor in 1858(democrat).  Most of his support came from down east, powerful plantation owners.  Reelected in 1860.  He was an advoicat for secession.  Most of the rest of the state were not for secession.  Only the eastern planters(his political base) were the most interested in secession.  NC was one of last to secede
• Holden (newspaper publisher) who ran against Ellis and later Vance for Governor.  He was at Democrat convention in Charleston in 1860 and did nothing as 8 states walked out. 
• Democratic party becomes divided three ways in 1860 election.

Secession

Ready

Chapter 13  

Theory (States Rights vs. Slavery)

Chapter 13 Ready

Spark (Abe Lincolns election or Ft. Sumter)

Chapter 13 Ready

• Abraham Lincoln takes hard line stance, "hold, occupy, and possess" federal property and to sustain a perpetual "union of these states"
• Jefferson Davis knew that Union occupation of Southern forts meant that the Confederacy was illegitimate.
• Lincoln claims that he and Republicans will not "surrender to those we have beaten"

NC's role & sacrifices in Civil War

Ready

Chapter 13

• Because we were on the fence, we didn’t get as many Generals/representation I leadership. 
• We provided more soldiers than just about any state. 
• Suffered more deaths by disease and combat than any other state. 
• Our voice was left out of Confederate leadership/politics.

 Hatteras, Roanoke, Stanley

Ready

Chapter 13

§  Pathetic battles (small)

§  Occurred in Aug 1761 and Feb 1762 (Hatteras and Roanoke)

§  The Union wins these battles

African Americans (1st NC Volunteers, Galloway)

Ready

Chapter 13  

Vance

Chapter 14 Ready

• Governor of North Carolina. 
• Ellis dies and Vance comes into office.  (1862). 
• He was a Unionist till we seceded/then became a supporter.  Vance didn’t agree with Jefferson Davis’ taking NC resources and putting them into other parts of the war effort.  
• State’s Rights.  He wanted to keep resources here to protect NC.  Would send what was left for the war effort.

Salisbury

Ready

Chapter 14

Wilmington & Ft. Fisher

Ready

Chapter 14

• Southeast part of state at apex of Cape Fear River.  Fort Fisher is at the mouth of the river. 
• Strategic location for keeping shipping lines open for Blockade Runners.  Ft, Fisher guns protected these shipping lines.  This held much longer in the war. 
• Last major blockade running port that existed for Confederacy.  Also Wilmington and Weldon railroad that led straight to Va to Robert e Lee.  Lifeline of the confederacy. 
• Ft. Fisher fell in  Feb. 1865.  Critical loss at the end of the civil war/cut off supplies to Va. 
•  ·         A month later Wilmington falls
• ·         Then Robert E. Lee surrenders
• “an overly elaborate sand castle”  made up of sand and wood palisades”

Holdens Peace Party

Ready

Chapter 14

• Newspaper publisher for the North Carolina Standard in Raleigh.  He had a political voice. 
• He ran against Ellis and lost. 
• Then he and Vance fell apart.  After Vicksburg and Gettysburg/loss of so much life. 
• Was a whig, then a democrat, then becomes a Republican. 

Bentonville

Ready

Chapter 14

• last major engagement of Civil War
• between Gen Sherman of the Union army and Gen Johnston,the new commander of Confederate forces in North Carolina.
• after Bentonville(down east NC) NC became the backdrop for the Confederacy's last death throes East of the Miss.

Republicans vs. Conservatives

Ready

Chapter 15

• William Holden(holden a paper) started the party in NC. 
• 3 subgroups: Freedmen(ex slaves) largest groups, carpetbaggers( that is a myth that they were exploitative northerners…many came down for philanthropic reasons), scalawags(white southerners who decide not to vote with the majority of whites during reconstruction). 
•  

Black Code 1866

Ready

Chapter 15

• Laws that imposed restrictions on freed slaves. 
•  Last effort by conservatives to treat freedpeople like slaves. 
• Restricted mobility, carry arms, etc. 
• Like the slave codes(controlling measures). 
• NC code was more lenient than those of SC or Miss

KKK(Ku Klux Klan)

Ready

Chapter 15

• Ku Klux Klan.  Came to NC late in Reconstruction. 
• Big impact in election of 1868 and 1870. 
•  Terrorist group working with/for the conservative party.  Native white southerners.  Committing intimidation and acts of violence.  Lynchings, etc( leaving the bodies hanging to try and intimidate) 
• Focused efforts on the West.  Stayed away from East coast(larger black community).  Piedmont and West had close percentage of race/political groups, in an effort to change the elections.Very popular organization

Kirk-Holden War

Ready

Chapter 15

• Holden the perpetual candidate of prevalent causes
• George W. Kirk commander of the militia appointed by Holden.  Had led a regiment of NC volunteers in the Union Army.
• Holden ordered Kirk toenforce marital law.  Used their powers not only to shut down Klan activity, but eventually began arresting their critics as "military prisoners". 
• Holden refuses to honor writs by prominent judges. 
• President Grant abandons support of Holden and war abruptly ends when Holden declares that anarchy and civil disorder are over.

1868 Constitutional Convention

Ready

Chapter 15 Ready

• Republicans change Constitution:  voting by black men. 
  Anyone can hold office.  More open education and activist government. 
• Government should play an active role in educting the economist. 
• Development of railroads.  Lasted from 1868 until 1971. 
• 1865-1877(formal end of Reconstruction). 
• 1868-1870 Republicans were voted out of office.
  Reconstruction in North Carolina lasts  Only two short years as compared to 12 years in South Carolina. 
• *viable two party system in NC as compared to other southern states.  Republicans hung around/and Democrats(conservative party)

Impeachment

Ready

Chapter 15

• Proceedure that a Legislative body goes through to try and remove an elected official from office.
• Holden was Impeached(found guilty on 6-8 counts). 
• Democrats(conservatives) Impeach the Republican governor on trumped up charges.  He is removed from office and Democrats take full control of government.

Federal Writer's Project

Ready

Chapter 15  

African American Churches & Education

Ready

Chapter 15

• AFRICAN AMERICAN CHURCHES

• Sunday becomes the most segregated day of the week. 

• African Americans began starting their own churches.  Too much control by white church members.  Self-segregation by the AA community. 

•  AA community can control the direction of their own churches/making their own religion.  Connection to Herman Husband and Daniel Boone taking control of their own form of worship and religion. 

• AFRICAN AMERICAN EDUCATION

•  Northerner missionary societies send materials to provide literacy to freedmen. 

• Education is critical to emancipation.  Ready calls this the racial intermission.  Not all strict segregation(some schools have blacks and whites but for the most part it is). 

•  Very important to the AA community.  They would walk for miles to get education

Religion

Methodists

Ready Chapter 4

• Came to NC last among major denominations
• roots in the reform movement of the Anglican Church
• first begun by John and Charles Wesley in Ga, didn't exist as a denomination distinct from Anglicanism until after the Revolution.\
• 
  George Whitefield(famous Methodist orator)came to NC during the Great Awakening.

White Indentured Serviture

Ready Chapter 5

• indenture and bondage
• citizens "bound" themselves to either a ship captain, merchant, broker, or "master" in the New World, served terms of Indenture, then obtained their "freedom dues"
• some paupers, political exiles, and petty criminals were involuntarily indureted.

"institutionalized fear and terror"

Ready Chapter 5

• slavery!
• in 1715, they might be whipped or have their time of the cross extended for running away
• 1741 hangings and public whippings occured on a regular basis
• abuse, torture, sadism, and infrequently decapitation.
• 1741-1764: castration of slaves is legal. atleast 20 NC slaves are castrated as punishment.

Great Dismal Swamp

Ready Chapter 5

• swamp on the border between Virginia and North Carolina
• largest sanctuary for runaway slaves and fugitive slaves in the South
• northern abolitionists and poets used it as a literary symbol to plead against slavery
• By the Revolution, thousands hid and made communities there.

Coastal towns

Ready Chapter 5

• towns such as Wilmington, Edenton, and New Bern attracted runaway slaves and free Africans
• by 1770 slave and free Africans made up more than half the population of Wilmington.
• large free black population of coastal towns made it easy for runaway slaves to hide there.

Worth, Helper, Hedrick

Ready Chapter 5

• Daniel Worth, a Wesleyan Methodist missionary, openly distributed anti-slavery literature.
• Hinton R Helper, wrote 1857's The Impending Crisis of the South:How to Meet It, spoke out against the evils of slavery in 1859
• Benjamin Hedrick, as a prof. at UNC read abolitionist Theodore Parker's writings against slavery and converted. publicly acknowledged that slavery contradicted basic American and human concepts of justice and equality.

Charter Rights

Ready Chapter 6

• "with the advice, assent, and approbation of the freemen"  this phrase set the foundation for NC to develop the consent that we have a right to govern ourselves!
• guaranteed rights of the people set up by the original charter for Carolina
• precedent and interpretation of the rights under the Proprietary colony were in place when the colony became a Royal colony
• battle between Royal Prerogative and charter Rights lasted from 1729 until the eve of the Revolution.

Tryon Place

Ready Chapter 6

• built for Governor William Tryon
• he manipulated the general assembly into appropriating 15,000 pounds for the construction of his residence.
• pretentious rooms for governor and council but no where for the general assembly
• many North Carolinians loathed the Palace and the debt it brought to the colony.

William Tryon

Ready Chapter 6

• politically and skillfully the most skilled of all North Carolina's royal governors.
• able to cajole legislature to appropriate funds for his use(unlike his predecessors)
• built Tryon Palace for himself with taxpayer funds.

Representation and taxation

Sugar, Currency, Stamp, and Townshend Acts

East-West

Ready Chapter 6

• 1763, George Grenville(Chacellor of the Exchequor) for George III.
• in order to reduce tax burden on English enacted Sugar, Currency, and Stamp Acts
• Sugar Act outraged NC: first bill to raise question of the power of Parlaiment to tax the colonies for revenue.
• Currency Act prohibited the issuance of legal tender , in the west, colonists did not have enough currency to pay taxes,
• helped spur the movement for the "regulation" of their own affairs.
• Sons of Liberty protest on Halloween with the death of Liberty in protest of Stamp Act.
• Townshend Acts(tax on tea) did not really affect Carolinians and the legislature did not really act on it.

Regulators

Ready Chapter 6

• largest mass uprising in colonial American History 1766-71
• an attempt by the backcountry to "regulate" their own affairs
• caused by expectations from the repeal of the Stamp act, gowing dislike of government altogether, and heavier taxation.

Herman Husband

Ready Chapter 6

• fromer Quaker
• moved to back country NC
• began the Sandy Creek Assoc.in 1766
• eloquent and skillful orator
• identified as principal Regulator by Governor Tryon.
• expelled from Legislature on trumped up charges for libelling Maurice Moore.

Edmund Fanning

Ready Chapter 6

• Gov. Tryon's assistant
• viewed as a foe to the Regulators
• said they were leagued together and knaves alike!
• attempting to fleece the people so they could build palaces!

Samuel Johnston

Ready Chapter 6

• in January 1771, proposed the riot act bill.
• he was a rep from Edenton(down east)
• riot act made outrages agasint the govt a felony, even treasonous.
• rioters could be tried in any province, regardless on where offence took place.  if they failed to appear they could be hunted and killed.

Alamance

Ready 6

• village in Orange County
• May 1771 Tryon and 1400 militiamen lined up against 2000 Regulators.
• Regulators tried to sue for peace and Tryon arrogantly told them to lay down their arms first.
• Regulators cried, "fire and be damned"
• 9 militia men died, unknown how many Regulators died. 
• Gov. Tryon hung James Few without a trial then 6 more men later.

Whigs

Ready Chapter 6

• down east politicians in NC
• followed the Va. model looking for a conservative model of government.

Regulators

Kars Intro

• former members of the Sandy Creek Association joined reform minded farmers under the name "Regulators" to indicate they intended to regulate and reform government abuse. 
• Regulator had first been used in England in 1655.

"breaking loose together"

Kars Intro

• Regulators belief that everyone's behavior, whether in the family, local community, governement, or marketplace, be judged by the same set of moral standards...challenged the growing separation of private and public realms.
• resistance to the slow and massive shift in social conscience that accompanied the transition to market economics.

Backcountry

Kars 1

Chapter 1

Motives

Kars 1

Chapter 1

Motives:

Political

Kars 1

Chapter 1

Motives:

economic

Kars 1

Chapter 1

• Farming families
• Ambitious men (speculators and their friends)

Motives

Religious

Kars 1

Chapter 1

Homesteader vs. Speculator

Kars 1

Chapter 2

Backcountry elites

Kars 1

Chapter 2

• Backcountry plantation owners who bought slaves to work their lands.

Quitrent

Kars 1

Chapter 2

Granville District

Kars 1

Chapter 2

Henry McCullough

Henry E McCullough

Kars 1

Chapter 2

Sugar Creek

Kars 1

Chapter 2

Mecklenburg County

Kars 1

Chapter 2

Settlers or squatters

Kars 1

Chapter 2

Edmund Fanning

Kars 1

Chapter 2

• most hated man in the Piedmont;
• town commissioner;
• good buddies with Tryon;
• local gov’t officer; held various posts

Thomas Polk

Kars 1

Chapter 2

Commercialization

Kars 1

Chapter 3

debt

Kars 1

Chapter 3

Regulators

Kars III

Chapter 7

• farmers protest groups who organized under
• the name "Regulators" since their primary goal consisted of "Regulating public grievances and abuses of power.
• farmers implied their right, even duty to combat moral failings.

Currency Act 1764

Kars 1

Chapter 3

Regressive Taxes

Kars 1

Chapter 3

• taxes that are unequal in value between wealthy and poor.
• usually on consumables such as liquor duties, poll tax, and the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, etc. where poor people spent a higher percentage of their income on the tax.

County Courts

Kars 1

Chapter 3

• the powers was vast. 
• criminal matters: jurisdiction in all cases except those involving dismemberment or death.
• impose fines, prison terms, or whippings
• regulatory authority of civil law

Backcountry elite

Kars 1

Chapter 3

The Spirit Within

Kars II

Chapter 4

• 'God-like' spark that provided each person with divine guidance.
• The belief in the spirit within  proved powerful.  exalted the conscience of ordinary men and women.
• radical Protestant idea that after a deep conviction of one's sins and subsequent conversion, those "reborn" communicated directly with God.

Great Awakening

Kars II

chapter 4

• 1720's-1730's
• in NC 1730's to 1750's
• back country revival that swept through country
• Religious, emotional movement
• Converted people-they needed to be born again.
• Arrived about a decade before the Regulator Rebellion.

Daniel Boone

Kars II

Chapter 4

• father is Squire Boone
• started as Quaker(disowned) and left church
• went to non-denominational gatherings
• example of Dissenting Protestantism

Charles Woodmason

Kars II

Chapter 5

• Anglican itinerant minister
• was first a well-to-do planter.
• people are savages! you need an educated minister to interpret and minister to people
• Protestantism confused settlers and led thenm away from religion.

Religious climate

Kars II

Chapter 5

• looking beyond denominations allows us to bring into focus the so-called "unchurched"
• religious experience of ordinary farming men and women rather than the ideas of ministers and church leaders
• what bound people together across sect lines.

Radicals as a Threat

Kars II

Chapter 5

• Charles Woodmason: the religious radicals in backcountry threatened the elites by their explicit critiques of established ways and by the example of their own lives
• challenges religious and social order
• rights to authority!

Sandy Creek

Kars II

Chapter 6

• corruption and participation
• near Hillsborough, farmers gathered in 1766
• to formalize group protest
• individual voices weren't heard
• Protesting corruption
• sparked the Regulators
• Voice for the farmers.

Radical Whig ideology

Kars II

Chapter 6

• ex Herman Husband
• all people have inaliable rights
• set of principles that came out of Political Protest in England
• against Large Bureaucracy
• Standing Army
• High Taxation
• Loss of individual rights

Husband

Kars II

Chapter 6

• came from Maryland
• chief thinker around Regulators
• part of the Great Awakening
• went from Anglican to Presbyterian to Quakers(disowned)
• well off and prosperous farmer
• committed to pacifism

Milita

Kars III

Chapter 7

• April 1768 Fanning calls out the Orange County militia to arrest the ring leaders of the Regulators
• very few militia showed up/and those who did declared themselves to be in favor of Regulators

Women

Kars III

Chapter 7

• although they had a crucial role in the farming economy, they are entirely absent from the Regulator records
• had strong voice in back country religion
• took no part in Regulator meetings