birth of psychology

Father of psychology

1879

William wundt

structuralism

introspection

William Wundt

breaking conscious experiences into its basic sensations

evaluating an object using you senses

functualism

William James

focuses on how an object of phemomenon is used 

psychodynamic perspective 

sigmund freud

looks at the role that internal conflicts those of the unconscious have on the behaviors and mental processes we exhibit

lead to treatment of pschycological disorders

also the oldest

looks at the role of learning and the influence of external environment

what role do punishment and rewards play on behaviors

looks at the value of a person's potenital for growth and stress the choices are determined by their unique perspective 

Emphasis the value of free will and who are or will be

looks at the role of learning the influence of external environment

what role do punishments and rewards have

Biological Perspective 

(physiological)

assumes that behavior and mental process are based on biological processes 

looks at effects that neurons/brain function genetics and hormones and chemicals  have on behavios and mental process

looks at the mechanisms by which people process info how how mental process imfluence behavior

how ppl, think perceive and remember

looks at the importance of social and cultural inflence on thought and behavior

why do we conform to society and our peers

a way of knowing charcterized by the attempt to apply objective and empirical methods when seraching for the cause of events

-Goodwin

Non scientific ways of knowing

Method of authority- an authoritive figure says it so, so it must be so

Method of tenacity- holding a belief despite evidence that is the contrary hold strong

Priori Method- what came before

some that is beleived without prior research or study

Pseudoscientific 

false science self help items pass themselves as scientifc when really just psuedopsychology

Empirical Reasearch

Descriptive reaserch 

correlational research

experimental reasearch

steps in critical thinking

1. what am i asked to believe

2. what evidence is available to support the assertion theory or belief

3 are there alternative ways to interepreting the data 

4 what additional evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives

5 what conclusions are most reasonable , given evidence what conclusions can you draw

Naturalistic behavior

the observation of behavior without trying to change it

ex. one way mirrors

videotaping in environment 

hiding in blinds-telescope status

participant - Bosehen (1973) checked himself in to a hospital to observe .

speech production

if damaged speech is hesistant and repetive

good starting point for generating ideas and theories

darwin theory of evolution

influenced by observer bias

ethical concern

participants dont know they are participating in study

cannot draw causal conclusion

case study 

(clinical method)

genie 1957

victor 1800

victor

never learned a spoken language

genie

abused and neglected mother took to hospital when 13 1/2

syntax was never normal complete sentence

only way to learn about unique rare events

in depth study lots of details

ex. freud

asking questions in order to understand psychological issues

face to face most effective- interviews

a relationship between two variables

names comes from co-relations (more then one)

method that leads to causal conclusions

shows the effect of a independent variable on a dependent variable

Firing a neron

resting potential 

firing a neron

Threshold

firing a neron

action potential (spike)

neron deplorizes

"the spike"

+30 mV thousanths of a volt

firing a neuron

refractory period

cerebral cortex

four lobes

frontal

parietal

occipital

temporal

somatosensory

sensory center

exp. touch heat cold pressure

involuntary movement of body parts

in frontal lobe

sensory homunclus

foot

toes

hand,face,upper lower lip,tongue,pharynx,intrabdominal

speech production frontal lobe left hemisphere

toes,ankle,hand,vocalization, lips, eyelid, eyeball,

in temporal lobe of left hemisphere near visual and auditory cortex

speech comprehension

the person has a problem understanding written and spoken speech

speech is fluent, sounds real but has no real meaning

speech is hesitant and repetitve 

one will speak in as few words as possible

have 300 million nerve fibers of the corpus collosum severed...no communication between both hemispheres

to help with seizures

Roger Sperry @cal tech

won noble prize for Physiology or Mediciene

EEG

CT Scan

computer tomography

shows cross sectional of brain aka cat scan

uses a computer to analyze rotating series of x rays 

creates a 3D image of the brain

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging)

rotating scanner detects various patterns od magnetic change in molecules of the brain

3-D picture more detailed 

fMRI

functional MRI

is a faster version that allows a researcher to observe in cognitive function

what details are changing awhile is performing an activity.

PET SCAN

position emission tomography

measures brain activity 

brain activity in form of glucose

patients are given a mild radioactive form of glucose and then it is scanned

sensation

five senses

visual 

auditory

taste

smell

touch

2 other senses

1/2

Vestibular

2 other senses

2/2

Kinesthesia

 visual perception

the interpretation of sensory info

what we perceive is not always present

visual perception

1/2

depth

binocular and monocular

bi-two eyes 

mono-one eye

interposition (occulsion)

closer objects block the view of father ones

the bigger difference in two images the closer the object

eyes see from slightly different positions

Areil perspective

atmosphere persepctive

perceiving a form grouping of feature and objects

law of Prafnanz followed good form and we group object togther and in simplest form

high awareness

middle awareness

low awareness

fully engrossed at the task at hand

focuses awarenes

sleeping

unconscious lowest level of awareness fdue to head injury

aware but minimal attention required

day dreaming

electromyograph

measure musle activity

electrooculograph

measure eye activity

Electrocardiograph

measure heart activity

EEG Patterns in waking

beta waves

low amplitude 15 cycles per second

produced when person is alert

EEG when sleeping 

alpha waves

moderate

8 to 12 cycles/sec

relaxed with eyes closed

last about 5 min 

very relaxed eyes are closed

easily awakened

stage sleep 1

theta waves

Hypnogogic sleep

(hallucinations)

very visual images

falling floating sudden jerking motion

stage 2

sleep

first stage of true sleep last approx 20 min

lose tension muscle

stage 3

sleep

transition stage

heart and body temp decrease

20-50% waves are delta

higher amplitude but slower waves

50% or more brain waves are delta 

deepest sleep

increase in blood pressure, respiration, muscle controlling the eyes 

and muslce in body are paralyzed

in REM stage

78% remember

and 14 & from non rem stages

reminding ourselves the important things we have ignored during the day

feel it is a planning time or a problem solving time

you do what as you get older

and animals as well

dreams are just spontaneous neural firings of the brain