Term
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Definition
Massive culture change that occurs in a society when
it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more
powerful society. |
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Definition
Mediation with an unbiased third party making the
ultimate decision. |
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Term
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Definition
A mode of exchange in which the giving and the
receiving are specific as to the value of the goods and the time of their delivery. |
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Definition
| A showy display of wealth for social prestige. |
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Term
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Definition
Those values especially promoted by a particular
culture. |
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Term
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Definition
A society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas,
values, and perceptions, which are used to make sense of experience and generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
Theories about the world and reality based on the
assumptions and values of one’s own culture. |
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Term
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Definition
A complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that
enable people to survive and even thrive in their
environment |
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Term
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Definition
Control through beliefs and values deeply internalized
in the minds of individuals. |
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Definition
| The abandonment of an existing practice or trait. |
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Term
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Definition
The idea that one must suspend judgment of other
people’s practices in order to understand them in their
own cultural terms. |
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Term
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Definition
The spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices
from one culture to another. |
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Term
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Definition
An assertion of opinion or belief formally handed
down by an authority as true and indisputable. |
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Term
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Definition
An organized arrangement for producing, distributing,
and consuming goods. |
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Term
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Definition
A society in which everyone has about equal rank,
access to, and power over the basic resources that support survival, influence, and prestige. |
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Term
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Definition
Based on observations of the world rather than on
intuition or faith. |
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Term
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Definition
The process by which a society’s culture is passed on
from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society |
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Term
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Definition
This term, rooted in the Greek word ethnikos
(“nation”) and related to ethnos (“custom”), is the expression of the set of cultural ideas held by an ethnic group. |
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Term
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Definition
People who collectively and publicly identify
themselves as a distinct group based on cultural features such as common origin, language, customs, and traditional beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
The belief that the ways of one’s own culture are the
only proper ones. |
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Term
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Definition
The violent eradication of an ethnic group’s collective
cultural identity as a distinctive people; occurs when a dominant society deliberately sets out to destroy another society’s cultural heritage. |
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Term
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Definition
Movement from one country to another. It may be
voluntary or involuntary. |
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Term
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Definition
The cultural elaborations and meanings assigned to
the biological differentiation between the sexes. |
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Term
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Definition
A mode of exchange in which the value of what is
given is not calculated, nor is the time of repayment
specified. |
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Term
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Definition
The physical extermination of one people by another,
either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people with little regard for their impact on others. |
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Term
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Definition
Coercive power that is backed up by economic and
military force. |
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Term
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Definition
A network of producing and circulating marketable
commodities, labor, and services that for various reasons escape government control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement within the boundaries of a country. |
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Term
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Definition
Formal rules of conduct that, when violated,
effectuate negative sanctions. |
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Term
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Definition
The right of political leaders to govern–to hold, use,
and allocate power–on the socially accepted customs, rules, or laws that bind and hold a people together as a collective whole. |
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Term
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Definition
A cultural obligation compelling prosperous members
of a community to give away goods, host public
feasts, provide free service, or otherwise demonstrate generosity so that no one permanently accumulates significantly more wealth than anyone else |
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Term
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Definition
The buying and selling of goods and services, with
prices set by rules of supply and demand. |
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Term
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Definition
Settlement of a dispute through negotiation assisted
by an unbiased third party. |
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Term
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Definition
The process of political and socioeconomic change,
whereby developing societies acquire some of the cultural characteristics of Western industrial societies. |
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Term
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Definition
Public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multi–
ethnic society, officially stressing mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a country’s borders. |
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Term
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Definition
A people who share a collective identity based on a
common culture, language, territorial base, and history. |
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Term
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Definition
A form of exchange in which the aim is to get
something for as little as possible. Neither fair nor
balanced, it may involve hard bargaining,
manipulation, and outright cheating. |
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Term
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Definition
The use of direct argument and compromise by the
parties to a dispute to arrive voluntarily at a mutually satisfactory agreement. |
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Term
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Definition
The way power is accumulated, arranged, executed,
and structurally distributed and embedded in society;
the means through which a society creates and
maintains social order. |
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Term
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Definition
The ability of individuals or groups to impose their will
upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes. |
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Term
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Definition
The creation, invention, or chance discovery of a
completely new idea, method, or device. |
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Term
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Definition
The exchange of goods and services, of
approximately equal value, between two parties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power. |
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Term
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Definition
A form of exchange in which goods flow into a central
place, where they are sorted, counted, and reallocated. |
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Term
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Definition
Radical change in a society or culture. In the political
arena, it involves the forced overthrow of an old government and establishment of a completely new one. |
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Term
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Definition
An externalized social control designed to encourage
conformity to social norms. |
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Term
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Definition
The deliberate application or modification of an
existing idea, method, or device. |
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Term
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Definition
A category of individuals in a stratified society who
enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to the
system of evaluation. |
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Term
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Definition
| External control through open coercion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Upward or downward change in one’s social class position in a stratified society. |
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Term
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Definition
The rule–governed relationships–with all their rights
and obligations–that hold members of a society
together. This includes households, families,
associations, and power relations, including politics. |
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Term
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Definition
An organized group or groups of interdependent
people who generally share a common territory,
language, and culture and who act together for
collective survival and well–being. |
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Term
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Definition
Cooptive power that presses others through attraction
and persuasion to change their ideas, beliefs, values,
and behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
A society in which people are hierarchically divided
and ranked into social strata, or layers, and do not share equally in the basic resources that support survival, influence, and prestige. |
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Term
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Definition
In anthropology, a political institution established to
manage and defend a complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined territory. |
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Term
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Definition
Power that organizes and orchestrates the systemic
interaction within and among societies, directing economic and political forces on the one hand and ideological forces that shape public ideas,
values, and beliefs on the other. |
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Term
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Definition
Physical and/or psychological harm (including
repression, environmental destruction, poverty,
hunger, illness, and premature death) caused by
impersonal, exploitative, and unjust social, political,
and economic systems. |
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Term
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Definition
A society’s shared sense of identity and worldview. The collective body of ideas, beliefs, and values by which members of a society make sense of the world–its shape, challenges, and opportunities–
and understand their place in it. This includes religion
and national ideology. |
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Term
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Definition
A mark, sound, gesture, motion, or other sign that is
arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way. |
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Term
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Definition
In acculturation, the creative blending of indigenous
and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural
forms. |
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Term
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Definition
Customary ideas and practices passed on from
generation to generation, which in a modernizing
society may form an obstacle to new ways of doing
things. |
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Term
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Definition
Tools and other material equipment, together with the
knowledge of how to make and use them. |
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Term
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Definition
The collective body of ideas that members of a culture
generally share concerning the ultimate shape and
substance of their reality. |
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