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| aka data dictionary, is a directory of tables, columns, indexes, and other database objects. It just describes the database. |
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| stores data in tables, columns, and rows, similar to a spreadsheet |
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| Database systems maintain fast response times by structuring data properly on storage media and processing queries efficiently |
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| Many database users should have limited access to specific tables, columns, or rows of a database. Database systems authorize individual users to access specific data |
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| Database systems ensure authorized users only access permissible data. Database systems also protect against hackers by encrypting data and restricting access. |
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| Database systems ensure data is consistent with structural and business rules. Ex: When multiple copies of data are stored in different locations, copies must be synchronized as data is updated. Ex: When a course number appears in a student registration record, the course must exist in the course catalog. |
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| Computers, database systems, and individual transactions occasionally fail. Database systems must recover from failures and restore the database to a consistent state without loss of data. |
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| a group of queries that must be either completed or rejected as a whole |
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| describes the internal components and the relationships between components |
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| -interprets queries -creates a plan to modify the database or retrieve data -returns query results to the application -performs query optimization to ensure the most efficient instructions are executed on the data |
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| translates the query processor instructions into low-level file-system commands that modify or retrieve data -uses indexes to quickly locate data |
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| restores the database to a consistent state in the event of a transaction or system failure and uses log records to restore the database |
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| a file containing a complete record of all inserts, updates, and deletes processed by the database |
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| An application sends queries to the |
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| The query processor uses information from the _______ to perform query optimization. |
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| The _______ _______ translates the _____ _________ instructions into file-system commands and uses an _____ to quickly locate the requested data. |
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| storage manager, query processor, index |
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| The ___________ _______ logs insert, update, and delete queries, and the result is sent back to the application. |
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| All access to the database data must go through the _______ _______. |
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| A ____ ____ is a data warehouse designed for a specific business area, such as sales, human resources, or product development. |
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| A ____ ____ is an analytic database of raw, unprocessed data copied from multiple data sources. |
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| The ______ _________ is a simple hash function with four steps. |
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| A ________ _______ converts the decomposed queries to the appropriate syntax for each participating database. |
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An unordered collection of elements enclosed in braces. |
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| A _____ has a name, a fixed tuple of columns, and a varying set of rows. |
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| A ____ ____ is a named set of values, from which column values are drawn. |
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| The ______ statement uses the ___ clause to specify the new column values. |
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| ___ ____ sets invalid foreign keys to NULL. |
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| _____() counts the number of rows in the set. |
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| ___() finds the minimum value in the set. |
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| ___() finds the maximum value in the set. |
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| ___() sums all the values in the set. |
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| ___() computes the arithmetic mean of all the values in the set. |
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| _________ functions appear in a SELECT clause and process all rows that satisfy the WHERE clause condition. |
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| The principle that physical design never affects query results is called ____ ___________. |
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| ________ ______ specifies indexes, table structures, and partitions, and affects query performance, but not query results. |
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