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Question represented in a way that the DBMS can understand |
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Conditional restrictions Arithmetic operators Logical operators Special operators |
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Equal to Less than Greater than Less than or equal to Greater than or equal to Not equal to |
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Does not exist in the database but is computed using data in existing columns |
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Alternative name for a column Use key word AS after the column name to specify an alias Use double or single quotation marks if an alias contains spaces |
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Connects two or more simple conditions AND OR NOT |
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checks whether attribute value is within a range |
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checks whether attribute value is null |
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checks whether attribute value matches any value within a value list |
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checks whether attribute value matches given string pattern % matches any number of characters, even zero characters _ matches exactly one character |
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Eliminates duplicate values |
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Subquery One query is placed inside another one The inner query is executed first, then the outer query uses the result of the first query Used if you have a multiple step operation Use IN Operator |
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Creates groups of rows that share common characteristics |
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WHERE limit rows HAVING limit groups |
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Slide 18 , 28 , 34 , 38 , 44 |
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