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| Single celled organisms, have no nucleus or organelles, DNA located in nucleoid. |
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| Region in prokaryotes where DNA is stored |
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Highly complex cells. Compartmentalized into organelles, DNA in nucleus. |
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| Place where DNA is stored, ribosomes are created. |
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A double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus. |
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| Area in cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. |
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| Membrane bound comartments that carry out cell's activities. |
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| Composed of phospholipids, seperates cell from outside environment. |
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1) Cells are the smallest living oranisms. 2) Cells can only come from other existing cells. 3) All organisms are made out of one or more cells. |
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| Cell size limited b/c of this ratio, takes more time for materials to cross cell. as surface increases, volume becomes huge. |
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| The miniumum distance that two points can be apart and still be distinguished as two serate points. Human eye = 100 nm |
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| Microscope that magnifies in stages using several lenses. resolution = 200 nm. |
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| Transmission electron microscope |
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Definition
| Transmits electrons through material. .2 nm resolution, width of h2 atom. |
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| Only found in plants, gives plants rigid shape, protects it, prevents water loss, composed of cellulose. |
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| Long, thin rods made of actin filaments that protrude from cell and give the cell locomotion. |
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| Compartmelization of organelles in eukaryotic cells. |
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Definition
| organelle in plant cells that stores water, food, and proteins. |
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| transport sacs in both plant and animal cells. |
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DNA units containing tightly wound DNA strands around proteins--histones. found in nucleus. |
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Definition
skeleton in cell which supports / transports organelles and maintains the shape of the cell. |
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| Center of nucleus where ribosomal subunits are created. |
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| where DNA is linearly stored |
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| CHromosomes are extended into threadlike strands, chromatin. Allows for proteins to monitor gene expression. |
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| Protein spools which DNA is wrapped around |
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Two parts: Rough Er: embedded with ribosomes, makes proteins
Smooth Er: Synthesizes lipids |
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| The inner region of the ER |
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| Coimposed of two subunits, place of translation, where proteins are made. |
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Proteins that are ready to be exported have signal sequences, tells that they're ready for transport. |
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Definition
| Flattened sacks of membrane. |
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| Packaging and export center of the cell. Recieves and modifies proteins. Cis face, closest to nucleus, trans face, closest to plasma membrane. |
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Definition
| Folds of the golgi apparatus |
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Definition
| Membrane bound organelles that contain enzymes which digest food and waste. |
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| Plant cells: enzyme bearing membrane enclosed by vesicles, grow by incorporating lipids and proteins. |
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| Animal cells: Microbodies that convert fats into carbs. |
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Definition
| Catalyzes the removal of electrons from hydrogen atoms. |
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Definition
| Dark regions of the nucleus where ribosomes are produced. |
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Definition
| Power house of the cell, located in both animal and plant cells, creates energy through oxidative metabolism, produces ATP, all mitochondria DNA come from mother. |
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Definition
| Inner membrane of mitochondria, where ATP is produced |
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Definition
| Space betwen the matrix and the cristae |
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Definition
Photosynthetic organells in plants, creates energy from photosynthesis--plant sunlight |
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Definition
| Stacked membranes in chloroplasts. |
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Definition
| Disks in chloroplasts where photosynthesis takes place. |
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Definition
| Theory of how chloroplasts and mitochondria were formed, prokaryotes ate other prokaryotes, made the double membrane, and it was found that these prokaryotes had advantages for the cell so they were kept. |
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Definition
| How individual fibers form. Identical proteins attract each other and bond. |
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Definition
| Long thin fibers responsible for cellular movements. |
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| Region that surrrounds the centrioles, which are animal organelles that help assemble the cells microtubules. |
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Definition
| A motor protein that pulls transport vesicles along microtubule tracks to the cell's outside. |
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Definition
Motor protein that pulls animal organelles to the centre of the nucleus. |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic flagella structure, 9 microtubule pairs surround 2 inside microtubules. |
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Definition
Area below where the flagella protrdes from the cell, it's where the microtubules of the flagella originate. |
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Definition
| Hairlike structures that are used in cellular movement |
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Definition
Walls in plant cell which are placed down where cell is still growing. |
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Definition
Glue that holds cells together in animal cells. |
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Definition
| Walls inside the primary wall wall of plant cells. |
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Definition
| Animal cells, proteins that form the ECM, give cell support + strength |
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Definition
| Proteins outside the cell, collagen main component. |
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Definition
| ECM is attached to plasma membrane through fibronectin which are connected to glycoproteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibronectins connect to integrins, allow ECM to alter gene expression and the behavior of the cell. |
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Term
Three primary componetns of cell's cytoskeleton and how they affect cell shape, function, and movement. |
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Definition
Actin Filaments: Cellular movements such as contraction and pinching.
Intermediate Filaments: For the cytoskeleton,durable.
Micrrotubules: Moves material within the cell itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen, they are fossil fuels, energy righ: gasoline, and nonpolar. |
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Definition
| Groups that are polar, attached to hydrocarbons |
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| Very large molecules made of polymers. 4 types 1) Nucleic acids, 2) Proteins 3) Lipids 4) carbs |
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Definition
| Very long repeating units of monomers - trains |
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Definition
| How polymers are form, water is taken out |
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Definition
| How polymers are broken up into monomers - water is forced in |
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Definition
| Building block of proteins, 20 different amino acids make up a protein |
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Definition
| A covalent bond that links two amino acids |
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Definition
| A long chain of amino acids, more than one polypeptides form a protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| A section of the protein made up of 100- 200 exon amino acids that have seperate functions |
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Term
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Definition
| Helps a protein fold into the correct shape |
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Term
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Definition
| The unfolding of a protein, caused by three things: 1) High ph 2) high temp 3) high ionic concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the subunits of a protein come apart |
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Term
| DNA: Deoxyribnucleic acid |
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Definition
| Encodes for RNA, stores the info in the cell. Composed of a phosphate group connected to a 5 purine sugar connected to a base pair. A-T, G-C |
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Term
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Definition
| Encodes for proteins, transcription, single helix not double, A-U, G-C |
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Term
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Definition
single unit Phosphate group-5 carbon sugar- Nitrogenous base. DNA basically. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long polymers of nucleotides, the double helix chain, |
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Term
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Definition
structure of nucleic acid chain, linked base pairs. |
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Term
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Definition
Base pairs are complementary
DNa: A-T, G-C
RNA: A-U, G-c |
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Term
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Definition
| Main component of cell membrane, composed of Choline - Phosphate group - Glycerol - 2 fatty acid tails. Head is philic, tails are phobic. |
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Term
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Definition
Long term energy storage. A glycerol
l l l 3 Fattay acids |
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Term
| Triglyceride / triacylglycerol |
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Definition
A fat molecule, a glycerol linked to three fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| All bonds are taken up by hydrogen. Solid at room temp. |
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Term
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Definition
| Double bonds between carbon-hydrogen. Liquid at room temp, more energy, oils |
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Term
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Definition
| Fatty acids with more than one double bond, liquid at room temp. |
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Term
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Definition
IE Sugars, energy storage in animal cells. formula goes Carbon: hydrogen: oxygen 1:2:1 |
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Term
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Definition
most basic sugar, 3 carbon sugars. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two monosaccarides linked together. |
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Term
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Definition
multiple monosaccarides linked together: starch ceullulose |
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Term
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Definition
| Same empirical formula, different structure. Glucose for example --> fructose, galactose. |
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Term
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Definition
Plant polysaccarides formed of glucose, energy storage, unbranched |
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Term
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Definition
| Animal form of starch. polysaccaride of glucose. branched. |
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Term
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Definition
| Starch / glycogen: alpha subunits, repeating. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant cellulose: alpha-beta-alpha, forms the cell walls, indigestible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha beta alpha glucose sequence with N2 added. protects arthropods, indigestible. |
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Term
| Importance of amino acid R Group |
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Definition
Non aromatic AA: Non polar, non reactive
Polar Uncharged AA: Reactive
Aromatic: Hydrophobic
Ionizable: Can have charge, more reactive |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins with a specific shape that fits the shape of a specific signal molecule, triggering a response in the cell. |
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Definition
| Rapid communication through nerve cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, lipid, non polar molecules that can go through the plasma membrane and bind with intracellular receptors, triggering a reaction in the cell. |
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Definition
| Proteins bound on the plasma membrane that recieve extracellular signals and make an intracellular response. |
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Term
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Definition
Polar signals bind to proteins on surface and cause an intracellular response. |
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Term
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Definition
A chain of amino acids that threads back and forth through the membrane and forms a pore through which ions can flow through. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes that add phosphate groups to proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A recptor bound protein bound to another protein that activates another ion channel or enzyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alter the behavior of the proteins by binding to them and changing their shape |
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Definition
| One of the most used 2nd messasngers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Once activated this enzyme produces a lot of cAMP through ATP |
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Definition
| Long lasting or permanent connections between cells. |
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Definition
| Anchoring junctions that connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. |
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Definition
| proteins that create the link in desmosenes |
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Definition
Anchoring junctions that connect the filaments of cell with those of neighboring cells. |
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Definition
| How cells communicate with adjacent cells, they link cytoplasms together allowing ions / molecules to pass through plasma membrane |
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Definition
| CJs in animal cells, formed by connexons |
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Definition
| CJs in plants, links ERs of 2 cells together. |
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Definition
| Molecules moving from a high to low concentration to seek equilibrium. |
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Definition
| Proteins that allow ions across the membrane. |
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Definition
| Where substances move with concentration gradient with help of the carriers. |
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Definition
| specialized channels for water. |
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Definition
| the movement of water towards a higher solute concentration. |
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Definition
| the pressure of the cytoplasm pushing against the plasma membrane. |
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Definition
| Tranport of molecule across membranes against their concentration gradient using ATP. |
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Definition
| Pumps Na+ out and K+ In using Atp |
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Term
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Definition
| where both Na+ and another molecule bind to the same transport proteine and move in opposite directions. |
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