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| The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. |
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| A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |
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| The processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning. |
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| The retention of encoded information over time. |
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| The process of getting information out of memory storage. |
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| The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
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| Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialling, before the information is stored or forgotten |
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| The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. |
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| A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. |
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| Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. |
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| Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
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| The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. |
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| The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. |
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| Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. |
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| The encoding of picture images. |
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| The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. |
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| The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. |
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| Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. |
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| Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |
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| Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. |
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| A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. |
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| A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. |
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| An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. |
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| Retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory.) |
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| Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.) |
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| A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage. |
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| A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. |
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| A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test. |
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| A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. |
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| The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. Ask a friend two rapid-fire questions: (a) How do you pronounce the word spelled by the letters s-h-o-p? (b) What do you do when you come to a green light? If your friend answers "stop" to the second question, you have demonstrated priming. |
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| That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. |
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| The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. |
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| The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. |
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| Retroactive Interference The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. |
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| In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. |
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| Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. |
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| Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) It, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories. |
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