Term
| What other diseases can fungi immitate? |
|
Definition
| Inflammantion, neoplasia, granulomatous tissue |
|
|
Term
| Clinical Significance of fungal diseases |
|
Definition
| Occur frequently w/ immunosuppression, highly regional, rarely outbreaks- usually sporadic |
|
|
Term
| Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 major categories of fungi |
|
Definition
| Molds (multicellular), Yeasts (unicellular), Dimorphic (both) |
|
|
Term
| What is the main method of fungal identification in the lab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other/minor way can fungi be identified? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungal Structure Characteristics |
|
Definition
| Hyphae, spores, fruiting bodies, gross appearance |
|
|
Term
| What is the basic unit of mold? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aerial vs. vegitative growth |
|
Definition
Aerial= above the agar
Vegitative= below the agar |
|
|
Term
| How does the nomenclature for spores and fruiting bodies vary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fruiting bodies/spores of Coccidiodes immitis |
|
Definition
| Arthroconidia/Arthrospores |
|
|
Term
| Fruiting bodies/spores of Aspergilus fumigatus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fruiting bodies of Microsporum canis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fruiting bodies/spores of Mucor spp. |
|
Definition
| Sporangium/Sporangiospores |
|
|
Term
| 3 Types of fungal infections |
|
Definition
| Cutaneous, Subcutaneous, Systemic |
|
|
Term
| Geophilic Cutaneous Mycosis |
|
Definition
| Species that grow and replicate in the soil, especially with hair |
|
|
Term
| What are cutaneous fungi called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of geophilic species |
|
Definition
Sporadic in animals
Poorly transmitted between animals |
|
|
Term
| Example of geophilic species |
|
Definition
| Microsporum gypseum (second most common dermatophyte infecting dogs) |
|
|
Term
| What kinds of environments to geophilic mycoses tend to prefer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cutaneous zoophilic mycoses |
|
Definition
obligate parasites on animals
do not persist or multiply in soil! |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of zoophilic species |
|
Definition
spread rapidly among animals (unique among fungi)
zoonotic, but not usually disease causing in people |
|
|
Term
| Example of zoophilic species |
|
Definition
| Microsporum canis in cats |
|
|
Term
| Cutaneous anthropophilic mycoses |
|
Definition
| obligate parasites predominantly found on humans |
|
|
Term
| examples of anthropophilic species |
|
Definition
Epidermophyton spp. (athlete's foot)
Microsporum audouini (tinea capitis) |
|
|
Term
| Natural host of microsporum canis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species accounts for 90% of cat fungal infections and 40-70% of dog ones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of human ringworm is zoonotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of people will get ringworm after exposure to a symptomatic cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What subset of the population is particularly susceptible to ringworm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you warn clients about if you diagnose M. canis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| #1 dermatophyte of horses in the south? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| #1 dermatophyte of horses everywhere but southern US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species does Microsporum nanum affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common dermatophyte genera in large animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 2 Trichophyton species are most common in horse? |
|
Definition
| T. equinum & T. mentagrophytes |
|
|
Term
| Which Trichophyton is most common in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical diagnosis of dermatophytes |
|
Definition
| Wood's Lamp Exam & Experience |
|
|
Term
| Lab Diagnosis of dermatophytes |
|
Definition
| Dermatophyte test medium, culture on Sabourad's agar, KOH preparations on crusts/hair |
|
|
Term
| What wavelength of light is a wood's lamp? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What metabolites does a Wood's lamp look for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of M. canis fluoresces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of Trichophyton species fluoresce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Causes of wood's lamp false positives |
|
Definition
| ointments, dead skin, Pseudomonas spp. |
|
|
Term
| Causes of wood's lamp false negatives |
|
Definition
| cold lamp, non-fluorescing strain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| false positives from environmental contamination |
|
|
Term
| Dermatophyte Treatment in large animals |
|
Definition
| Clean tack (lime-sulfur or 10% bleach), increase exposure to sunlight, usually self-limiting |
|
|
Term
| topicla dermatophyte treatment in small animals |
|
Definition
| lime-sulfur dip, miconazole/chlorhexadine shampoo |
|
|
Term
| Why is spot treatment not recommended for topical dermatophyte treatment? |
|
Definition
| may lead to chronic subclinical carriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oral -azoles (inhibit ergosterol synthesis)
Griseofulvin (disrupts microtubule assembly) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Basidiobolus spp.
Conidiobolus spp. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Sporotrix schenkii |
|
Definition
Thermal dimorphism
Free-living mold
Sphagnum moss |
|
|
Term
| Sporotrix schenkii can cause disease in... |
|
Definition
| Cats, Dogs, Horses, People |
|
|
Term
| Sporotrix schenkii in people is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does sporotrichosis enter? |
|
Definition
Open wounds/broken skin
Typically head/neck/extremities |
|
|
Term
| How does Sporotrichosis multiply/spread? |
|
Definition
Yeast form in SQ
Spread via lymphatics (not typically spread to organs)
Rupture/ulceration of masses |
|
|
Term
| What is the host response to Sporotrichosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical Sign of Sporotrichosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caution w/ Sporotrichosis wounds |
|
Definition
| Discharge from wounds contains infectious material |
|
|
Term
| Differentials w/ Sporotrichosis |
|
Definition
Neoplasia
Feline Leprosy
Canine non-responsive deep pyoderma |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of Sporotrichosis |
|
Definition
| Cytology, histopathology reveals intralesional yeast and "cigar bodies" |
|
|
Term
| Microscopic appearance of Sporotrichosis |
|
Definition
| Conidiophores at right angles to hyphae |
|
|
Term
| Where is Pythiosis found? |
|
Definition
| Stagnant water in tropical regions |
|
|
Term
| Which species are most commonly affected by Pythiosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Pythiosis also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does Pythiosis enter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical sign of pythiosis |
|
Definition
| Chronic non-healing granulomas |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of subcutaneous mycoses |
|
Definition
Local excision
Amputation
Systemic antifungal agents
+/- vaccination |
|
|
Term
| Examples of systemic antifungal agents used in subcutaneous mycoses |
|
Definition
| Amphotericin B, Ketoconazole, Sodium or Potassium Iodide |
|
|
Term
| 3 most common opportunistic systemic mycoses |
|
Definition
Candida albicans
Aspergillus fumigatus
Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
|
Term
| Diseases caused by candida |
|
Definition
"Thrush" stomatitis
cystitis |
|
|
Term
| Diseases caused by Aspergillus |
|
Definition
Nasal mycetoma
Guttural pouch mycosis
Brooder pneumonia in hens |
|
|
Term
| Disease cause by Cryptococcus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Candidiasis |
|
Definition
Part of normal flora
Kept in check by bacteria/immune system
Infects mucosal surfaces of mouth/bladder |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Aspergillus |
|
Definition
Ubiquitous
Rapid Growth
Common contaminent |
|
|
Term
| Common location for Mycetomas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is immunosuppression required for localized mycetomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species cause mycotic abortion in cattle? |
|
Definition
Aspergillus fumigatus
Mucor spp. |
|
|
Term
| What husbandry issue is related to mycotic abortion in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species are affected by mycotic keratitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do spores enter in mycotic keratitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species cause mycotic keratitis |
|
Definition
Aspergillus spp.
Fusarium spp.
Alternaria spp. |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of mycotic keratitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you find cryptococcus neoformans? |
|
Definition
Ubiquitous
Enriched in pigeon droppings (creatinine) |
|
|
Term
| Where do you find cryptococcus gattii? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Cryptococcosis |
|
Definition
Grows as yeast
Causes disease when high innoculum/immunosuppression |
|
|
Term
| Species affected by cryptococcosis |
|
Definition
Dogs, Humans
Rarely horses |
|
|
Term
| How does cryptococcus enter/spread? |
|
Definition
Penetrates respiratory epithelium
Replicates/replaces host tissue
Inflammatory responses vary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cooler tissues (respiratory, skin)
CNS
eye |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of cryptococcus |
|
Definition
| Cytology (india ink), histopath, culture, serum antigen |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of cryptococcosis |
|
Definition
Manage underlying immunosuppression
Oral -azoles
Monitor therapy w/ Ag detection |
|
|
Term
| Which diseases decrease the probability that cryptococcosis treatment will be successful? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 species of systemic mycoses |
|
Definition
Blastomyces dermatidis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidiodes immitis |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of systemic mycoses |
|
Definition
Distinct geographic distributions
Immunosuppression not required |
|
|
Term
| Distribution of Blastocmycosis |
|
Definition
Eastern/Midwestern US
Acidic, moist soil |
|
|
Term
| Which species get Blastomycosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thermal dimorphism of blastomycosis |
|
Definition
Infectious form= mold
In body=yeast w/ broad based budding |
|
|
Term
| Entry/spread of Blastomycoses |
|
Definition
| Inhalation of mold, transformation to yeast, Pulmonary infection, spreads to bone, CNS, eye, skin |
|
|
Term
| What kind of inflammation does blastomycosis cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enhances blastomycotic disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of blastomycosis |
|
Definition
| Histopath, cytology, culture, serology (AGID) Antigen in urine |
|
|
Term
| Culture ID of Blastomyces |
|
Definition
Takes 10-30 days
BHI agar +cyclohexamide and chloramphenicol
LEAVE PETRI DISH COVER ON! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Systemic anti-fungals for 2-3 months |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of Blastomyces infections reoccur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yeast form is not transmissable via aerosols from animals, but there have been documented cases of clinician self innoculation during necropsy or FNA |
|
|
Term
| Distribution of Histoplasma capsulatum |
|
Definition
| Midwest and southcentral US, especially Ohio & Mississippi river valleys |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Histoplasma capsulatum |
|
Definition
In bird/bat droppings
Thermally dimorphic
Not zoonotic |
|
|
Term
| Which species does Histoplasma capsulatum infect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Entry/Spread of Histoplasma |
|
Definition
| Inhalation of mold, pulmonary lesions, spread to small intestine, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, eye, rarely bone |
|
|
Term
| How may histoplasma also present? |
|
Definition
| Wasting syndrome/malabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of Histoplasmosis |
|
Definition
| Cytology, histopath, culture, urine antigen |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Histoplasmosis |
|
Definition
Systemic antifungals 4-6 months
+/- glucocorticoids in dogs |
|
|
Term
| Distribution of Coccidiodes immitus |
|
Definition
Lower sonoran life zones w/ alkaline soil
Southwestern US, some areas in CA, WA |
|
|
Term
| What is the disease caused by Coccidioides called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species does Coccidioides affect? |
|
Definition
| Dogs (rarely cats & horses) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of dimorphism does Coccidioides display? |
|
Definition
| Tissue (not temperature!) |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Coccidioides |
|
Definition
| Particles from soil inhaled, colonize lungs, spread to lymph nodes & bone |
|
|
Term
| What clinical conditions can Coccidioides cause? |
|
Definition
| Lymph node enlargement, Multifocal pulmonary granulomas, Osteomyelitis |
|
|
Term
| Morphology of Coccidioides |
|
Definition
| Arthrospores & Spherules containing endospores |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of Coccidioides |
|
Definition
| Cytology, Histopath, Culture, Serology |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis |
|
Definition
Systemic antifungals for 3-6 months after resolution of clinical signs
Cessation of glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| Prognosis of Coccidioidomycosis |
|
Definition
| Variable- pulmonary only is better than disseminated disease is better than bone involvement |
|
|
Term
| Can Coccidioides spread from animals to people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Management issue with Coccidioides |
|
Definition
| Infectious mycelial phase could grow in bandage material so don't bandage draining tracts |
|
|
