Term
| consider wing shape: page 39-46 essential ornithology |
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Definition
| and about color: on the test you will have to look at a picture and tell why about the color |
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Term
| Biochromes are 1 way birds have color Three major types of categories of biochromes (pigment) |
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Definition
1 melanin
2 carotenoids from diet reflects health and
foraging success
3 specialized pigment : lipochromesn -
Psittacoflavins = unique to
parrots
synthesized green,red, orange, yellow
slight variation in structure of protein
3. Porphyrins bright brown, some green,
and magenta (purple-red)
example Tusocos Trogon Bustards |
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Term
2 Second way bird have color:
Schemochrome |
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Definition
color due to modification or separation of component of white light by feather structure.
the cellular structure of bars and barbules ..by nanometer - level spaces ..air cells
example white= full spectrum reflected back
Black is the absence
blue by scattering wave lengths
green by having a blue and carotenoid
irredescent colors = black from one angle
metallic: bright from another angle..
humming bird use melanin & schemochrome
Most bird use combinations of variable pigments and schemochrome
patches - all birds have a little bit of
everything |
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Term
| Cosmetic alteration of color : |
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Definition
birds change it
example powder feather-> dull feather color
example: herons contour itself
uropygial gland ads color ellow usually
example horn bill dust |
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Term
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Definition
complete absence of color pigment in a bird that would normally have them.
It is a genetic abnormality. |
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Term
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Definition
complete absence of color pigment in a bird that would normally have them.
It is a genetic abnormality. |
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Term
| Leucism (somatic albinoism ) |
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Definition
| when some parts lack color |
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Term
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Definition
Excess melanin. Increase in black or gray feathers..
Genus Buteo (a hawk group)
30 species of N. American birds documented |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| due to schemochromes; white patches - colors do not reflect UV white = 0 |
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Term
| Flight physical attributions |
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Definition
feathers (surface)
skeletal modification (hollow, fusion,
light, shape
Flight muscles uses 50 muscles on average
for flapping
2 muscles are essential for
power . others support |
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Term
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Definition
1 pectoralis =can be up to 35% of weight
originates along thesternum, and inserts near the head of the upper arm bone (the humerus)
2 supracoracoideus
But birds lift their wings using a large muscle located beneath the wing. Attached to the keel of the sternum,
The supracoracoideus, connects to the top of the humerus by way of a pulley, Its tendon loops over the shoulder, inserting on the top of the humerus. The supracoracoid contract and, because of the pulley, lifts the wings. the pulley is located where three bones — the coracoid, scapula, and clavicle — come together to form the shoulder joint. The tendon slides over the grooved head of the coracoid in in the triosseal canal |
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Term
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Definition
The trioseal canal forms a pulley, allowing a muscle below the wing ( the muscle mass that powers flapping flight below the bird's center of gravity and .... A large SC tendon passes through trioseal canal (composed of: coracoid, scapula and clavicle) and inserts in the dorsal side of the humerus and a 'pulley' is formed.
supracoideus ..carines to humerous via the triosseal |
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Term
| What are the 4 main forces of bird's flight? |
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Definition
Gravity - weight of the bird pulling down
Lift - generated by secondaries & tail
Drag - resistance to forward motion
Thrust - provided by primaries |
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Term
| structural features that allow birds to flight? |
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Definition
1. Strong and light skeleton (pneumatic bones)
2. Reduced body weight (reproductive system)
3. Rigid skeleton (fused bones)
4. Enlarged keel sternum (attach flight muscles)
5. Braced pectoral girdle
6. Modified wing joint
7. Powerful flight muscles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| supracorcoideus muscle .. from the corina to the humerus via the triosseal canal |
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Term
| what is different in the humming bird |
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Definition
gets power from upstroke and down stroke.
makes a figure 8. pectoralis and supracoracoideus are similar in size ..up to 11% of body size |
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Term
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Definition
power going up.. recovery going down
wavy line |
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Term
| Flight muscle fiber: red fibers |
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Definition
Red fiber = capable of sustained contractions due to a great potential for aerobic respirations >>endurance fliers
>> narrow fibers
rapid diffusiong of gases
increased myoglobin
increased mitochondrial enzymes
highly vascularized |
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Term
| Flight fibers - white fiber |
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Definition
capable of mroe powrful and rapid contractions
very rapid manuvering
but lack stamina
short term function due to anerobic
respirations
FAST - TWITCH muscle fibers
light weight and energy cheap (tire rapidly
these are in birds that walk a lot..and have to do explode away like quail |
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Term
| what birds have the highest aerobic capacity of any bird? |
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Definition
migratory passerines .. high red fiber in pectoralis
Also ostrich have much red fiber, rich with fats. |
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Term
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Definition
resists flight weight (gravity
drag (horizontal resistance
to motion
must produce lift (counter weight
thrust to counter drag |
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Term
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Definition
wing is an airfoil = asymmetric curved structure that tapers posteriorly
Air travels along the top faster
along the bottom slower
lift |
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Term
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Definition
Key relating to air pressure to velocity
air goes fast and compresses on top
air slows and expands on bottom..up push
THE ANGLE OF ATTACK relative orientation of the air foil relative to air flow
from 1-15 degrees attack increase lift potential
too much tilt, beyond 15 degrees = stall
If the wing is too vertical the air pushes against it. lose resistance to gravity
when there is just lift |
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Term
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Definition
swimming in the air
consider the wing shape the bird can rotate corpusmetacarpal wrist
manus tilt ---forearm. the wings have to twist (and do so automatically) with each downward stroke to keep aligned with the direction of travel.
wing move forward and then down |
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Term
| Name 2 feathered dinosaurs |
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Definition
| Miroraptor and Sinosauropteryx |
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Term
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Definition
develop outside the parent's body
eggs |
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Term
| how many chamber does a bird's heart have |
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Definition
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Term
| Why must the bird eat regularly? |
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Definition
| Warm blooded, high metabolism rat |
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Term
| some ways a bird in unique |
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Definition
| have a beak, pneumatized bones wish bone, keel : that are all related to related to flight |
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Term
| Reptiles are classified by arrangement of fenestrae (windows) in the skull |
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Definition
one window - synapid
two diapid
More window = lighter skull |
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Term
birds evolved from _____
whiles mammals evolved from _____ |
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Definition
birds = diapsid reptiles
mammals = synapsid reptiles |
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Term
| 3 thoughts on when and what |
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Definition
Triassic from Thecondonts A) Jurassic crocks -> birds B) “ “””” Theropod dinasaurs
-> birds in cretaceous C from Thecodonts at the same time as dinosaurs |
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Term
| 1860 1 year after "Origin of Species |
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Definition
| Archaeopteryx .. a fossil found in lithographic limestone of southern German ..secondary feathers/ skeleton :The London Specimen |
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Term
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Definition
feathered for flight w/o a keel reduced pelvis, toes 3 + hallux big furcula and coracoid, big sternum Forelegs with claws, climbing fingers
carnivorous teeth, big eyes, brain |
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Term
| Three grouping of modern claws |
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Definition
1 ground dwellers (like pheasant) straight
2 woodpecker strong and curved
3 percing (finches0 a little curved |
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Term
| Is archeopteryx an ancestor of modern birds? |
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Definition
No, A dead end that died out at the end of Jurassic , probably.
Enantiomithes 25 groups in the early Cretaceous
Icthyorniformes (flying birds) evolution far from resolved
Hesperorniformes (mostly swimming, few flying |
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Term
| Key question in bird evolution us when did modern lineages arise |
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Definition
| extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. Did birds coexist or happen later than Cretaceouos/ Teriary extinction 65 mya |
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Term
| Two kinds of clocks in evolution |
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Definition
| geological clocks and molecular clock |
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Term
Maybe there will be an answer to when
( I have no idea what I was saying with this card.) |
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Definition
vegavus iaai on par Anseriformes
related to a duck / goose Amatpodea
except it’s a new species |
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Term
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Definition
sandstone deposit from middle/upper Maastrictrian 66-68 mya So: contemporary with dinasaurs
suggests evolved during cretaceous and
birds are the dinasaurse that survived
the K/T extinction event. |
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Term
Hypothesis that all modern birds evolved
post K/T extinction from |
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Definition
| a lineage of transitional shorebirds that survived the K?T event .. mtDNA shows some specieds existed prior to K/T .. so movern birds diverged from paleognaths (ratites &tinamour and the neognaths (all other modern birds) |
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Term
| Give an example of a classification and nomenclature of a bird |
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Definition
House sparrow: class Aves
Subclass Neoorinthines
Super order Neognathae
Order Passiformes
Family passeridae Genus Passer
Species domesticus |
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Term
| Give an example of a classification and nomenclature of a bird |
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Definition
House sparrow: class Aves
Subclass Neoorinthines
Super order Neognathae
Order Passiformes
Family passeridae Genus Passer
Species domesticus |
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Term
| Give an example of a classification and nomenclature of a bird |
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Definition
House sparrow: class Aves
Subclass Neoorinthines
Super order Neognathae
Order Passiformes
Family passeridae Genus Passer
Species domesticus |
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Term
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Definition
| Morphological phylogeny There isn’t a single accepted phylogeny of modern birds DNA says they aren’t from shorebirds .. Traditionally they try to start with the archaeopteryx 65 mya dinosaurs died |
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Term
| Half of all birds are morphological group |
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Definition
the order Passeriformes
all had a common ancestor
unique features |
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Term
| Conserved features of Passeriformes |
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Definition
| Similar urpygial gland. Unique sperm morphology. perching feet |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| three forward and one back toes |
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Term
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Definition
zygodactyly (2 in front, and 2 in back)
& anisodactyly which is 3 front 1 back |
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Term
| through the process of isolation and and natural selection in Darwin finches |
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Definition
| the population diverged into ecology, behavior and genetics and become separate species |
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Term
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Definition
Transient hybridization or genetic swamping as the range of one species expands and previously isolated species are temporarily brought together the usual outcome is the disappearance of one of the species. Now there are shifting ranges due to human clearing and other disruptions.
Blue winged and gold winged Warbler preference for secondary scrub.
Blue winged are increasing and gold going down. |
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Term
| Birds have stopped evolving |
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Definition
| NO. Birds are specialist vertebrates evolved from theropod dinosaurs . Continue to adapt and evolve to environmental pressure. |
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Term
| Intense directional selection example |
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Definition
In a drought= big bird survived
Lots of rain = small bird survive |
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Term
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Definition
the first bird. Its skeleton is nearly identical to
Compsognathus. |
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Term
| how birds benefit from feathers or what are feathers use for |
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Definition
| for flight, water-proofing and insulation, communication, courtship or competition, camouflage, tactile |
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Term
Feathers of the modern type were on non-flying dinosaurs including Tyrannosaurs rex
True or false |
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Definition
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Term
| Contour feathers is the type of feathers that __ |
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Definition
outline the bird… the tail (reticies) wing (remiges), the body cover, and bristles around the had
The quill, calamus attached to the body of the bird and extends into the central shaft of the feathers or rachis
The quill = calamus
Central shaft = rachis
The contour feather bare qulll = calamus
The rachis supports two vanes, the blades of the feather.
The vanes are 2 opposite rows of barbs projections of the rachis when in turn support two parallel rows of barbules
The barbules lock together like Velcro sheet like quality
Barbules point forwards towards the tip of the feather comb-like arrangement of hooked barbicles most feathers have a basal area of the vane closest to the calamus. This is an open area lacking barbicels is fluffy == plumulaceous
The locked sheet is = pennaceous vane that gives it it’s strength |
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Term
| Down feathers and semiplumes |
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Definition
Down and semiplumes have a calamus, rachis and van but the rachis is short and the vanes are pleumaceous lok like atuft
Cover nestlings for insulation keep them from being swallowed
Powder-down grow continuously but break at the tip making powder of feather wax particles maybe for waterproofing. |
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Term
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Definition
Most birds feather follicles are restricted to areas of skin the feather tracts or pterylae which are separated to defined areas of skin area of naked skin = apteria
Skin cells arranged as a feather follicle follicles begin as placodes thickening of the epidermis and dermis goose bump outer cells become the protective sheath of the growing feather inner cells establish the barb ridges the feather bursts from the sheath and unfurls into its final form |
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Term
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Definition
The way the feathers reflect light
Porpyrins synthesized by birds breakdown of hemoglobin by the liver.
The get red and yellow from diet |
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Term
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Definition
Growing feather has a blood supply and has muscles attach to it below the skin feathers are dead and cannot be repaired
They do maintenance and the molt |
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Term
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Definition
| Preening preening is enhanced by the preen gland uropygial gland low on the back just above the base of the tail |
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Term
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Definition
Swift Apus stays in the air almost their whole life come down only to breed.
Wing morphology are key to flight characteristics.
As pushes through air makes an area of high pressure in front of it. As the air moves back and moves faster across the upper wing The air moves from the lower pressure areas toward the higher pressure there is drag on the lower part of the wing depends on the angle of the wing |
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Term
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Definition
1 wings forelimbs modified as aerofoils
2 skeleton strong and rigid but very light bones with air sacs and struts
3 coricoid bone supports the shoulders
4 deep keel for attaching large muscles used in flight
5 big flight muscles pectorals and supracoracoideus give the power to fly
6 efficient respiratory system lungs air sacs hemoglobin with very high affinity for oxygen.
7 modification of bones of forelimb fused hand bones wrist locked or rotate
8 furcula wish bone is a spring during the wing beat cycle |
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Term
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Definition
Vultures storks and other large birds ride on a rising column of heated air.
The best glider are probably the albatrosses and Giant Petrel of the southern oceans they have long slender wings long way and fast with almost o flapping.
They have a modified wing joint to lock the in position the outstretched wing.
Sea birds do dynamic soaring ride the pressure differential from winds close to the ocean surface moving a slower speed
Small birds don’t guide so much they flap and do short glides or bounds.
Sinusoidal gaining height during a burst of flapping and then falling toward the end of the short glide. |
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Term
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Definition
The power for flight comes from flapping of the wings.
The inner wing, (the secondaries) just moves up and down acts as a fixed wing during gliding in that it generates the most of the lift .
The primary feathers twist during the beat, closing the wing surface on the down stroke and opening it to reduce wind resistance as it moves upwards..
At the same time the wrist joint ( between the inner wing and out outer wing )
Twists so that on the down stroke the wing moves both down and forwards and on the upstroke moves up and backwards. Moving in a figure 8
As the wing moves forward and downward on the down stroke the angle of attack of the wing is high and the lift generated has a forwards thrust.
Humming bird can fly in all direction and hover.. and so can their close relatives, the swifts.
The wrist is very flexible so it can twist almost upside down on the back stroke ..
200 beat a minute usually 10 to 80 beats a minute.
There are 45 muscles in the bird wing. But only 2 are significant.
pectoralis and the supracoracoideus that attach to the keel (corina) of the sternum pecs push down supracoracoideus up |
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Term
| Respiration and flight energy |
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Definition
Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins provide the energy in the presence of oxygen to split the molecules of ATP to contract muscle fibers
Bird have efficient hemoglobin
Higher body temperature
Faster heart rates
Use ore oxygen in flight
Lung are small but have a larger internal surface area
Lack alveoli and have a network of thin tubes called parabronchi
Each of which divides into many thinner capillaries where gaseous exchange takes place … inhaled and exhaled air passes throught the lung in the same direction… non-tidal flow
A complete cycle of respiration involves two breathes because the lungs are connected to a network of air-sacs within the body cavity
Breath one = air got into and through the lungs and into the abdominal air sac
Contraction of the abdomen during exhalation forces the air back out of the abdominal air sacs , back through the parabronchi of the lungs and gas exchange occurs
During the second breath the stale air in the parbronchial lung is forced into the anterior air sacs on inhalation and out of them out of the bird during exhalation.
Efficiency of avian haeoglobin as an oxygen carrier and can fly over Mount Everest. |
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Term
| You’d think the harder they flap the faster they’d go |
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Definition
| both slow and fast flying takes the most energy. |
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Term
| The evolution of flight and flightlessness |
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Definition
Running animal could extend a leap the ground – up hypothesis or cursorial hypothesis to flee or to catch something.
The tree-down or arboreal hypothesis. Gliding flight from trees or cliffs flight to slow their fall or to extend their leap ..there is a link between climbing and gliding in a wide range of taxa easier and more efficient than running and leaping.
Microraptor gui had 4 feathered limbs
Flightless are derived from flying ancestors
Among thos species of terrestrial birds which inhabit isolated islands had no predators and didn’t need to fly to eat.
Among marine birds the need to fly may be secondary to the need to swim |
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Term
| The first vertebrates to evolve true flight were |
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Definition
pterosaurs, flying archosaurian reptiles.
I think |
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