Term
Birds main characteristics
what makes a bird a bird |
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Definition
Birds use tools. have cognitive abilities. hemispheric sleep. they are conspicuous, they occupy all habitats on the planet in additon they have feathers, beaks, hollow pneumatic bones and no bladder They are the most diverse therapod, edentulate, lay eggs,
Modifications for flight= bone reduction, rigidity and reduction, feathers |
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| fly fast long distances some can stay aloft 4-5 years at a time, much money spent in hunting, sales, economic output, taxes, aircraft safety, military, domestic birds, health, diseases, wars and weapons, culture, art, poetry, cartoons music, symbols, culture, science (easy to mark), watchers (hobbyist) and ornithologist (scientist), impact on cities |
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Definition
| domain Eukaryota, kingdom animalia / metazoan, clad Eumetazoa, clade bilateria, clade deuterostomia, Phylum cordata, subphylum vertabrata / Craniata, |
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Term
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Definition
A phylums under the class, Deuterostomia.
Have a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Chordates are Deuterostome bilaterian animals
All share 4 derived characters
Only during embryonic development for some species
1.) notochord
2.) dorsal, hollow nerve chord
3.) pharyngeal silts or clefts
4.) muscular, postnatal tail
ynapomorphies:
"Big five" (Notochord, Pharyngeal gill slits, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Endostyle, Postanal tail) |
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| EVOLUTION: Includes dinosaurs (extinct) and living crocodilians and birds |
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Are the coolest things on the planet.
Impact on human life
Aircraft safety
Science
Wars and weapons
Economy |
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| Radiata, Protostomia, Deuterostomia |
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vertebrata
†Troodontidae
Avialae |
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| clad Eumetazoa division of animal kingdom that are all |
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Definition
multicellular except sponges
symmetry
gastrulation layer
tissues
gut from an archenteron[gut that forms gastrultion |
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Definition
bilateral symmetry
tissue
gut forms digestive tube |
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Term
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Definition
Archaeopteryx
Confuciusornithidae
Enantiornithes
Euornithes (true birds)
Patagopteryx
Hesperornithiformes
Ichthyornithiformes
Neornithes (modern birds) |
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Term
| Extremely bird-like theropod dinosaurs |
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Definition
Coelurosaurs
more closely related to birds than carnosaurs (meat-eating lizards) |
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Term
| skull morphology of anapsid |
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Definition
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Term
| skull morphology of synapsid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one high temporal opening |
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Definition
| one high opening and one low opening |
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| What was the 1st bird, when was it and what period? |
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Definition
archaeopteryx (ancient wing) 147 mya
Jurassic |
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Term
| birds evolved directly from _____ 150 mya |
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Definition
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| compare archaeopteryx with modern birds |
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Definition
Archaeopteryx had teeth, no keel, a long, bony tail, gastralia ("belly ribs"), and three claws on its wing for grasping.
BIRD:
Feathers attached to skeleton
3 toes forward and 1 back
horny beak, wings, and reduced fingers
asymmetric feathers, furcula
coracoid supporting shoulder, |
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Term
| saurischia diverged into two groups |
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Definition
| one was the theropods .. he structure of the hip and wrist and the presence of a furcula |
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Term
| Two theories of how flight evolved |
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Definition
jumping off something or running and leaping
then the film of the bird flapping its wings to run up a steep incline |
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Definition
| opposite birds... bones of the feet are joined differently ang modern birds did not survive the K/T extinction |
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Definition
| opposite birds... bones of the feet are joined differently ang modern birds did not survive the K/T extinction |
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Term
| Birds body heat is called |
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Definition
| endothermic they produce their own body heat and regulate their temperature independently of external temperature |
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Term
| Air flow though a birds lungs travels in ___ direction |
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Definition
| one direction making a cross-current exchange with the blood. |
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Term
| Bird have ____ skulls and belong to group called ______, They evolved from the _____ dinosaurs. The oldest fossile is ______ from the Jurassic period. |
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Definition
diapsid
archosaurs
theropod
archaeopteryx from the Jurassic period |
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| Another bird of almost the same age as archeopteryx was discovered in northeastern China, and named ______ which resembles Archaeopteryx in having wing claws, but unlike Archaeopteryx and like modern birds, the fossil found in China lacked _____ ______________ |
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Term
| Coelurosauria is the clade containing all ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Maniraptora (“Seizing Hands”) |
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Definition
| "Seizing hands"..Maniraptora is a clade of coelurosaurian dinosaurs that includes the birds and the non-avian dinosaurs ...carnivorous saurischian dinosaurs with short forelimbs; Jurassic and Cretaceous |
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Term
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Definition
means ruling lizards. 250 mya.
diapsid reptiles.
The Archosauria includes crocodylians, birds, and their extinct relatives
The clad split...crock went one way and bird another
Gizzard
heart ventricles
unique skills
with triangular orbit
antorbital fenestral
laterally compressed teeth |
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Term
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Definition
(True Bird) finding synapomoephics is difficult. Typical modern bird characteristics
Synapomorphy/Homology – a derived trait that is found in some or all terminal groups of a clade, and inherited from a common ancestor, |
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| Know the characteristic of what makes it a bird. (will divide into several definition panels because there are 37 of them. . they are : |
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Definition
1 feathers
2 dry skin w/o sweat glands
3 uropygial gland preen gland
4 scales on their feet
5 edentate
6 Rhamphotheca=(keratinized sheath on bill
7 Lower jaw of multiple bones 5 pair/ side
8 Articular -quadrates articulation of the lower jaw - they can drop their jaw
9 prokinetic skulls = forehead
10 forelimbs w / 3 digis I - III |
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11 forelimbs modified into a wing
12 digitigrade and bipetal they walk on their phalanges (toes) and 2 legs. |
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13. tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus tibia has been fused with some of the upper bones of the foot to form the tibiotarsus.
The lower bones of the foot are fused and stretched to form the extended foot area the tarsometatarsus The foot's upper bones are fused with the tibia to form the tibiotarsus
The lower bones of the foot are fused and stretched to form segment of the leg specific to birds the tarsometatarsus |
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14 Usually w/ 4 digits on the hind limb
15 single occipital condyle giving it a big ROM and making it light
16 light weight skull thin bones lots of extra holes and ententate
17 sclerotic ring = holds the eyes in place ring of bone in the orbit |
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18 large eyes
19 elongated neck acts like a wrist S shaped coiling
vertebral column posterior to the cervical vertebrae with a great amount of fused vertebrae naturium , synsacrum , caudal and pygostyle. |
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| continued characteristics of a bird |
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Definition
21 Ribs have = uncinate process = projection in the ribs posterior that overlap like a solid box making a cage for protection
22 sternum is enlarged and a keel w/ carina for pectoral muscles to attach
23 clavical are fused = furcular wish bone most pronounced of all tetropods. it limit ROM up and down pectorals push down hits sternum and springs up |
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Term
| continued bird characteristics |
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Definition
24 coracoid is greatly enlarged.. all walkin have corcoid .. all that's left in human is a coracoid process
Why birds? flight acts like a brake stabilizes shoulders sternum = shoulder |
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| continued bird characteristics |
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Definition
25 bones are hollow open but braced
26 nucleated erythrocytes
27 four chambered hearts arch to left vs right in humans
28 muscles are remote from appendages wit tendons drumstick is the calf of the bird the feet are made of scals tend and bone and don't feel cold
29 Flow - thru lungs no tidal breathing air constantly moves |
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| continued bird characteristics |
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Definition
| 30 voice box larynx is humans ..birds not the larynx..the syrinx located at the bae of the trachea, wind pipe, where the trachea divides into bronchi is double barreled . produces sound w/o vocal folds of mammals. liberalization of song is possible and some can produce more than one sound at a time. |
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| continued bird characteristics |
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Definition
31 elongated trachea can make 2 sounds simultaneously 40 notes a second
32 stomach modified into 2 chambers proventriculus and gizzard (posterior chamber ?)
33 esophagus often w/ crop -a large sac for storage .. cecum (ferments in crop) |
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Definition
| 34 endothermic (warm blooded) and homeothermic (some are bother some hibernate. endotherms are animal that produce its own heat homeotherms are those that have a constant body temperature..their metabolism produce some heat as a by-product.. if the temperature in the environment never varies you can be a homeotherm without needing to be an endotherm |
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35 oviparous All birds lay eggs
36 discoidal cleavage =cleavage is the fdivision of cells in the early embryo. Meroblastic cleavage in which a disk of cells is produced at the animal pole of the zygote (bird eggs) resulting in the formation of a disc of cells confined at the animal pole or on top of the yolk |
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Definition
37 Female heterozymetic ZW
38 |
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Term
facts about feathers
what they are made of and
what is their function |
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Definition
| feathers are epidermal structures made of a beta keratin and amorphous protein matrix. The cover most of the body. essential flight surface. used for flotation, insulation, appearance, competition, defense, mating, camouflage, communication, age and sex (too young to mate), mechanical protection, tactile sensation, sound production increase hearing, flying and swimming. |
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| Uropygiel Gland is what and where |
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Definition
base of tail, dorsal surface, secretes oil
to inhibit lice, improve moisture, water proof and inhibit fungi , bacterial growth and lice |
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Term
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Definition
Bird skull is reptilian in many ways with a single occipital condyle and movable quadrate which articulates with the lower jaw. The movement of the upper jaw is universal in birds..their lower jaw can drop giving them a larger gape, faster closing, stationary axis as jaws open and close (articular quadrates articulation of the lower jaw)
the lower jaw is multiple bones, 5 pair on each side
mobility of the quadrate, pterygoid and palatine bones contribute to upper bill elevation. |
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| Discuss the fused vertebrae posterior to the cervical vertibrae |
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Definition
Thoracic vertebrae are fused into naturium AKA dorsal bones
Synsacrum is fusion of sacral vert. and 6 caudal vert. to the pelvis
caudal vert. reduced in number
pygostyle are several caudal vert fused together and tail feathers on it are a rudder in flight
In addition to the vertebrae, the ribs of the bird are specialized ..with uncinate processes overlapping |
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| How is it that birds are the most constrained of all Tetropods.. |
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Definition
birds are the most constrained of all Tetropods they are all aerodynamic all have wings and all are light weight
yet only 15% of all bird species are wholly volant , flying or capable of flying |
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| what is the tetrapod / theropod thing? |
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Definition
reptiles are a group of tetrapods (4 footed)..Tetrapods include all land-living vertebrates including birds
that I think evolved a lineage of dinosaurs that were theropods (beast feet) characterized by hollow bones and three-toed limb that evolved to saurischians and then Ornithischian I don't know |
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| Bird are the most constrained of all tetropods |
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Definition
in their anatomy there is the least variation
they are all aerodynamic all have wings and all are light weight
yet only 15% of all bird species are wholly volant , flying or capable of flying |
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| Evidence of the kind that has been found only in the past 10 years about the evolution of birds |
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Definition
1. comparative anatomy
2. fossils-> intermediate or transitional
3. comparative embryology
4 molecular comparisons + DNA + proteins |
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Term
| Thomas Huxley they iron bull dog |
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Definition
" birds are but glorified reptiles"
one of the first to say dinosaurs were the origin of birds |
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| what is needed for evidence |
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Definition
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| the oldest confirmed bird |
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Definition
Archaeopteryx litographica
"anchient winged one out of lithographic stone" around 1860 |
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| Name the 6 types of feathers |
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Definition
1. contour feathers covers the body + give it shape..includes remiges and rectrices
2. Down feathers Juvenal and adult short shaft plumalesceaus vanes bar is longer than the shaft used for insulation
3 simiplumbs small shaft plumalaceous vane insulation decorative large
4. Powder look semiplumb but more brittle small and scattered between contours.
5. bristle= short shaft short vanes plumalacious proximal in distribution protection sensory like eyelashes
6. Filo plums fairly long shafts vanes are barbs that are short plumulacous and distal like a duster.. they monitor other feathers tell the bird about its feathers |
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| why do feathers require lots of maintenance |
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Definition
exposed to wind, UV, brush, make brittle
when wet they misshapen fungi or bacteria
become soiled with dirt and mud
macro parasites lice, mites, chiggers
damaged feathers are not replaced till molting or feather is pulled out from the follicle
most birds molt yearly hard-wired timing |
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| how does the bird preserve its feathers? |
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Definition
uropygial gland secretes oil
bird regularly wipes oil on its feathers
oil provides moisture, water proofing inhibit fungal and bacterial growth and inhibits lice |
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| how the bird preserves feathers continued |
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Definition
oil from the uropygial gland wiped on feathers for moisture, water proofing
ugrooming by the bill to re-zip vanes and rearrange contour feathers
grooming with comb dlaw digit of 3rd claw is serrated and rakes out parasites
dust bathing to remove mites and reduce itching
sunning reduces fungal infections
anting active= crushes and rubs skin and feathers
passive = let ants bite the feathers and skin for formic acid
formic acid deters lice and mites, reduces irritation, and is anti-itch |
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Term
| feathers are not uniformly distribute .. what are the terms for the feathers and bare areas? |
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Definition
pterlosis = the prticular arrangement of feathers
apterea = bare skin between |
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| birds have __ major pterylae |
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Definition
8 distinct tracts of feathers or pterylae
8 feather tracts:
capital tract
dorsal (or spinal) tract
scapulohumeral (or humeral) tract
femoral tract
crural tract
caudal tract
alar tract
ventral tract |
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Term
some bird lack apteria
other have apteria for |
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Definition
like the penguins , grebes, moose birdes
like apteria
those that have apteria can be for specialized functions like the brood patch which is to incubate birds |
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Term
| where are the most feathers located? |
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Definition
| the head and long, long neck |
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| brood patch to incubate birds |
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Term
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Definition
bounce color back to the eye .. reflecting.. absorbing everything else
what wave length are reflected back (in I guess) vs what are reflected or transmitted
feather alter wave length mechanically |
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| two methods of altering color mechanically are |
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Definition
1 biochromes "chemical colors
2 schemochromes " structured colors |
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Definition
color resulting from pigment from the barbs/ barbules
pigment = protein molecule that differentially reflects light
pigment are deposited during growth |
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| what are the 3 major pigments of biochromes |
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Definition
1 melanin = gray, browns, blacks. the more melanin the more dark
produced by bird due to oxidation of tyrosine..it may be an indicator of how healthy give color and adds strength head and primary tend to be dark. melanins can be antibacterial
lower altitude = darker
thermoregulatory =heat absorbs
2 carotenoids = yellow, orange, red acquired only by diet increase carotenoids = increase color intensity honest advertising to be a bright color bird
3 porphyrins, produce a range of reds, browns, and some greens, notably the intense red and greens of African turacos and the brown pigments of the many owls. |
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Definition
| 3 or more sacrals; semiopposable manual digit 1 , reduced manual digits IV and V; open (perforate) acetabulum |
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| pormaxillary fenestra; Intramandibular joint; furcula; manual digit V lost; 5 or more sacrals; Pedal digits 1 and V reduced |
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Term
| Characteristics of Chordata |
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Definition
•These characteristics are only present during embryonic development in some chordates.
•The notochord provides skeletal support, gives the phylum its name, and develops into the vertebral column in vertebrates.
•The dorsal hollow nerve cord develops into the central nervous system: the brain and spine.
•Pharyngeal slits are openings in the pharynx that develop into gill arches in bony fish and into the jaw and inner ear in terrestrial animals.
•The post-anal tail is a skeletal extension of the posterior end of the body, being absent in humans and apes, although present during embryonic development
In chordates, four common features appear at some point during development: a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail. |
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Term
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foramen magnum is the opening in the occipital
the upper mandible and the lower mandible both can move |
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