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| A city in Crimea on the north coast of the Black Sea. Home of the Yalta conference which was a wartime meeting of the heads of government in the US, UK and SU in 1945. Main points: Germany was to be completely disarmed, a new world organization was to be set up called to UN, Stalin agreed to join the war against Japan three months after the defeat of Germany, Germany would be cut up into four different pieces France, one by the USSR, one by the USA and one of the UK, Berlin would be the UK. All Nazis would be judged and sentenced. A neutral government would be set up in Poland. Eastern Europe would be under Stalin's influence. Free elections were to be held in those countries free from German rule in Eastern Europe. Started planning reparations and how much money Germany would owe the other countries. |
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| The common name for the Cold War strategy of containment versus the Soviet Union and the expansion of communism. This doctrine was first promulgated by President Harry Truman in an address to the U.S. Congress on March 12, 1947 |
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| Character in Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own. The imaginary sister of Shakespeare who had his intelligence but because she was not given the same opportunities and cannot express herself she commits suicide. |
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| an extended essay by Virginia Woolf published October 24, 1929. Essay based on a series of lectures she delivered at Cambridge University. Generally seen as a feminist text and argues for both a literal and figural space for women writers within a male dominated world. |
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| In Ordinary Men one of the officers serving in Police Batallion 101. He became an alcoholic sadist and seemed to enjoy murdering the Jews. |
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| 1869-1916. A Russian mystic who is perceived as having influenced the latter days of Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra and their son Alexei. He was thought to have saved Alexei from his hemophelia. |
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| 1869-1916. A Russian mystic who is perceived as having influenced the latter days of Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra and their son Alexei. He was thought to have saved Alexei from his hemophelia. |
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| A faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the 2nd Party Congress in 1903. Came to power during the October Revolution and founded the Soviet Union. Founded by Vladimir Lenin, they were an organization of professional revolutionaries under a democratic internal hierarchy governed by the principle of democratic centralism, who considered themselves as the vanguard of the revolutionary working class of Russia. |
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1918- Most advanced legislation on the family. Made marriage a civil institution, surpassed legislation in Europe and US in guarenteeing women's equality. Required no grounds whatsoever for divorce, similar guarentees of alimony to both men and women. Abolished illegitimacy and adoption.
1926- extended the right of marriage to persons in de facto unions, transferred divorce from the courts to the registry offices, reduced legal obligations of family members. |
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1918- Most advanced legislation on the family. Made marriage a civil institution, surpassed legislation in Europe and US in guarenteeing women's equality. Required no grounds whatsoever for divorce, similar guarentees of alimony to both men and women. Abolished illegitimacy and adoption.
1926- extended the right of marriage to persons in de facto unions, transferred divorce from the courts to the registry offices, reduced legal obligations of family members. |
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| Five-year plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union were a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development of the Soviet Union. Developed by the Communist Party. Initial plan created for rapid industrialization of the SU, major focus in heavy industry. There were 13- five-year plans, first one was accepted in 1928 |
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| Five-year plans for the National Economy of the Soviet Union were a series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development of the Soviet Union. Developed by the Communist Party. Initial plan created for rapid industrialization of the SU, major focus in heavy industry. There were 13- five-year plans, first one was accepted in 1928 |
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| Women's Social and Political Union founded 1903. Leading militant organization campaigning for Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom. First group whose members were known as "suffragettes. In 1903 a Member of Parliament, Bamford Slack, introduced a women's suffrage bill that they had drawn up. The bill was talked out and the group changed their tactics. They focused on attacking whichever political party was in government and refused to support any legislation which did not include their demands for enfranchisment. in 1906 began a series of demonstrations and lobbies of Parliament, leading to the arrest and imprisionment of growing numbers of their members. WSPU had a prison hunger strike and won sympathy from the public because of authorities' policy of force feeding. During WWI dissolved when a majority of members turned focus to supporting the war. |
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| A march by which Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power in the Kingdom of Italy. 1922. March was less than 30,000 men "blackshirts" but the kind feared a civil war and gave Mussolini power. |
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| A march by which Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power in the Kingdom of Italy. 1922. March was less than 30,000 men "blackshirts" but the kind feared a civil war and gave Mussolini power. |
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| A failed attempt at revolution that occurred in November, 1923. The Nazi Party under Hitler tried to take over the government of Bavaria. They took several hundred people hostage in a beer hall and forced government leaders into a side room to scare them into giving him power. The SA attempt to take over failed and Hitler was sent to prison. During this time he wrote Mein Kampt and became a hero to many germans, previously he was somewhat unknown. |
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| 1883-1946. British economics who developed Keynesian economics. This said governments should use tax and banking measured to stop the effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. One of the fathers of modern theoretical macroeconomics. |
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| A Nazi term for the process by which the Nazi regime established a system of totalitarian control over the individual, and tight coordination over all aspects of society and commerce. One goal of this policy was to eliminate individualism by forcing everyone to adhere to a specific doctrine and way of thinking and to control a many aspects of life as possible using an invasive police force. 1933-1937 characterized by the systematic elimination of non-Nazi organizations that could potentially influence people, such as trade unions and political parties. Also under this policy organizations like the Hitler Youth and children's groups were gormed. |
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| "My Struggle" by Adolf Hitler. Volume 1 published in 1925 and vol 2 in 1926. Combination of autobiography and exposition of Hitler's political ideology. Written while he was in prison, eventually became a sort of Nazi Bible. |
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| Anglo-German Naval Accords |
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| 1935. A bilateral agreement between the UK and German Reich regulating the size of the Kreigsmarine (Germany Navy) in relation to the Royal Navy. Allowed Germany to have a navy 35% the size of the Royal Navy--an amount greater than the one set by the Treaty of Versailles. For Germans was a mark of an Anglo-German alliance against France and US. For UK beginning of a series of arms limitations agreements to limit German expansionism. Renounced by Hitler in 1939. |
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| 1928. Russia, Germany, Britain, France and Italy met in Munich to decide what action to take concerning Germany's aggression to Czechoslovakia. Allies decided to enact a policy of appeasement where Germany would be allowed to erase the boundaries of the Versailles Treaty without taking military action. Also agreed that soverignty of Poland would be protected, a line was drawn that Germany coudl not cross without risking full scale war. |
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| Key city during WWII. Seige of Leningrad was a prolonged military operation by the German and Finnish Armies. Captured 1941-1943, one of the longest and most destructive sieges in history and the most costly in terms of causalities. Capturing Leningrad one of three strategic goals in the German plan (Operation Barbarossa for the Eastern Front). Important because it was the former capital of Russia and the symbolic capital of the Russian Revolution, was a main base of the Soviet Baltic Fleet and because of its industrial strength, housing numerous arms factories. |
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| The doctrine that what makes something a mental state of a particular type does not depend on its internal constitution, but rather on the way it functions, or the role it plays, in the system of which it is a part. FIX ME |
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| The doctrine that what makes something a mental state of a particular type does not depend on its internal constitution, but rather on the way it functions, or the role it plays, in the system of which it is a part. FIX ME |
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| Hitler's Political Testament |
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| Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler on April 29, 1945 the day before he committed suicide. The first part is a restatement and political position and justifications which he had stated many times before. Second part he lays out intentions for the government of Germany and the Nazi party after his death--including his successors. He also included statements that he did not want to instigate war with other nations and blamed the Jews for the war. |
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| Where the court of the German empire remained and many government officials settled. Home of the Potsdam Conference 1945, where Allied leaders met to decide the future of Germany and postwar Europe. Goals were to establish post-war order, peace treaties, and counter effects of war. Here the Potsdam Declaration and Potsdam Agreement were made. |
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| The primary program 1947-51 of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Western Europe. Named for Secretary of State George Marshall . Plan looked to the future but it not focus on the destruction caused by the war. Focused on efforts to modernize European industrial and business practices using high-efficiency American models, reduce artificial trade barriers and instill a sense of hope and self-reliance. |
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| The narrator's aunt, whose legacy of five hundred pounds a year secures her niece's financial independence. (Mary Beton is also one of the names Woolf assigns to her narrator, whose identity, she says, is irrelevant.) |
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| The second-largest ghetto established for Jews in Poland. In the town of Lodz it was originally intended as a temporary gathering point for Jews. It was transformed into a major industrial centre, providing supplies for Nazi Germany and the German ARmy. Because of its productivity, ghetto survived until 1944, when the remaining |
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| Commander of the First Company Police Battalion 101 who invited his wife, Vera, to killings. She attended multiple operations and sometimes participated. He was an enthusiastic killer and carried out his orders with enjoyment. He also threatened to shoot men who requested to not take part in the murders-- a direct violation of Trapps orders. |
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| A fraction of the Russian revolutionary movement that emerged in 1904 after a dispute between Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov. Martov's supporters broke off and became the Mensheviks. While both factions believed that a bourgeois democratic revolution was necessary, the Mensheviks generally tended to be more moderate and were more positive towards the "mainstream" liberal opposition. |
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| 1870-1924. A Russian revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. Leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during is initial years and fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil war and worked to create a socialist economic system. |
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| 1870-1924. A Russian revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. Leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during is initial years and fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil war and worked to create a socialist economic system. |
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| A Russian seaport town. In 1921 the Krostadt Rebellion happened where a group of sailors and soldiers and their civilian supporters rebelled against the Bolshevik government in Soviet Kronstadt. Trotsky answered by sending the army to Kronstadt and the uprising was suppressed. |
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| A Russian seaport town. In 1921 the Krostadt Rebellion happened where a group of sailors and soldiers and their civilian supporters rebelled against the Bolshevik government in Soviet Kronstadt. Trotsky answered by sending the army to Kronstadt and the uprising was suppressed. |
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| A policy pursued under Stalin between 1928-1940. Goal to consolidate individual land and labour into collective farms. Soviet leadership was confident that the replacement of individual peasant farms by kolkhozy would immediately increase the food supply for urban populations, the supply of raw materials for processing industry, and agricultural exports. Collectivization was thus regarded as the solution to the crisis of agricultural distribution that had developed since 1927. |
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| A policy pursued under Stalin between 1928-1940. Goal to consolidate individual land and labour into collective farms. Soviet leadership was confident that the replacement of individual peasant farms by kolkhozy would immediately increase the food supply for urban populations, the supply of raw materials for processing industry, and agricultural exports. Collectivization was thus regarded as the solution to the crisis of agricultural distribution that had developed since 1927. |
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| 1806-1873. A British philosopher and civil servant. An influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy, his conception of liberty justified the freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. He was a proponent of utilitarianism. |
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| A radical and authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Seek to organize a nation on corporatist perspectives, values, and systems such as the political system and the economy. Originally founded by Italian national sydicalists in World War I who combined left-wing and right-wing political views, but gravitated to the political right in the early 1920s. |
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| An Italian electoral law proposed by Baron Giacomo Acerbo and passed by the Italian Parliament in 1923. It's purpose was to give Mussolini's facist party a majority of deputies. After the March on Rome Mussolini only had 35 Parliament deputies and 10 Nationalist allies. Law said that the group that go the largest share of the votes--provided it was at least 25%-- gained two-thirds of the seats in parliament. |
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| An Italian electoral law proposed by Baron Giacomo Acerbo and passed by the Italian Parliament in 1923. It's purpose was to give Mussolini's facist party a majority of deputies. After the March on Rome Mussolini only had 35 Parliament deputies and 10 Nationalist allies. Law said that the group that go the largest share of the votes--provided it was at least 25%-- gained two-thirds of the seats in parliament. |
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| In economics an inflation that is very high or "out of control". To pay reperations mandated by the Treaty of Versailles Germany printed too much money and inflated their economy exponentially. |
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| an arson attack on the Reichstag building in Berlin in 1933. The event is seen as pivotal in the establishment of Nazi Germany because it was used as evidence by the Nazis that the Communists were beginning a plot against the German Government. The man accused of setting the fire was Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch insurrectionist, council communist, and unemployed bricklayer who had recently arrived in Germany. |
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| an arson attack on the Reichstag building in Berlin in 1933. The event is seen as pivotal in the establishment of Nazi Germany because it was used as evidence by the Nazis that the Communists were beginning a plot against the German Government. The man accused of setting the fire was Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch insurrectionist, council communist, and unemployed bricklayer who had recently arrived in Germany. |
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| 1935: antisemetic laws in Nazi Germany which were introduced at the annual Nuremberg rally. The laws classified people as with four German grandparents as "German or kindred blood", while people were classified as jews if they descended from three or four Jewish grandparents. A person with one or two Jewish grandparents was a Mischling, a crossbreed of "mixed blood" The Nuremberg laws deprived Jews of German citizenship and prohibited marriage between Jews and other Germans. |
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| 1869-1840. A British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937-1940. Best know for his appeasement foreign policy, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, condeding the Sudentenland region of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany. |
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| 1869-1840. A British Conservative politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937-1940. Best know for his appeasement foreign policy, and in particular for his signing of the Munich Agreement in 1938, condeding the Sudentenland region of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany. |
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| 1935: A conference between Britain, France, and Italy. Held in Stresa, Italy, it proposed measures to counter Hitler's open rearment of Germany in defiance of the Versailles Peace Settlement. Together these countries formed the "Stresa Front" against German agression, but their decisions were never implemented. Britain negotiated it's own naval agreement with Germany and Mussolini proclaimed his alliance with Hitler in the Rome-Berlin Axis. |
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| The 1938 de facto annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime. After several years of pressure from Germany Austria was annexed to Germany. Austria's Chancellor, Kurt Schushchnigg tried to hold a referendum ask the Austrian people whether they wished to remain indepenednet or merge into Germany. They chose to merge with Germany. |
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| 1939. Non-agression pact between the two countries and pledged neutrality by either party if the other were attacked by a third party, stayed in effect until June 1941 when Germany invaded the Societ Union during Operation Barbarossa. Signed by Molotov and Ribbentrop. Included a secret protocol dividing Northern and Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. |
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| 1939. Non-agression pact between the two countries and pledged neutrality by either party if the other were attacked by a third party, stayed in effect until June 1941 when Germany invaded the Societ Union during Operation Barbarossa. Signed by Molotov and Ribbentrop. Included a secret protocol dividing Northern and Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. |
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| The Battle of Stalingrad was a turning point in World War II. It happened 1942-1943 between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad. It marked the first German land defeat of the war. Had Germany won the battle they would have had control of the Caucasus area of Russia which was rich in oil. Hitler also wanted to take the city because it was named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the SU. |
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| SS paramilitary death squads that took part in the systematic killing of mostly civilians. |
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| A meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime, held in Wannsee 1942. Purpose was to inform administrative leaders of Departments responsible for various policies relating to Jews that Reinhard Heydrich had been appointed as the chief executor of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" Heydrich presented a plan to deport Jewish popluation of Europe and French N Africa to areas in eastern Europe, use the Jews for labor on road building projects where they would eventually die, and the surviving remnant would be annihilated after the completion of the projects |
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| 1884-1948. Leader of the Czechoslovak independence movement, Minister of Foreign Affairs and the second President of Czechoslovakia. |
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| 1884-1948. Leader of the Czechoslovak independence movement, Minister of Foreign Affairs and the second President of Czechoslovakia. |
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| 1945-1991. Continuing state of political conflcit, military tension, proxy wars and economic competition existing after WWII. Primarily betwen the Soviet Union and its satellite states and the powers of Western World. |
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| Town in Poland where a Jewish massacre took place during WWII. In 1942 the nearly 1,800 Jews living in Jozenfow were almost all murdered in a single day. Brutal massacre where men, women and children were slaughtered. |
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| Ordinary Men. Commander who couldn't stomach the murders and allowed his men to opt out of muder. |
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| 1906-1990. English historian of the 20th century. Sympathetic to the foreign policy of the Soviet Union, though he was strongly critical of Stalinism. He blamed the United States for the Cold War and was one of the leading lights of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He thought if Britain was going to allign itslef with someone it should be the Soviet Union. |
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| 1906-1990. English historian of the 20th century. Sympathetic to the foreign policy of the Soviet Union, though he was strongly critical of Stalinism. He blamed the United States for the Cold War and was one of the leading lights of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. He thought if Britain was going to allign itslef with someone it should be the Soviet Union. |
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| 1918-1921. The economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War. Policy was adopted by the Bosheviks with the aim of keeping tows and the Red Army supplied with weapons and food in conditions in which all normal economic mechanisms and relations were being destroyed by the war. Policies: All industry was nationalizes and strict centralized managment was introduced. State monopoly on foreign trade was introduced. Discipline for workers was strict, and strikers could be shot. Obligatory labour duty was imposed onto "non-working classes". Prodrazvyorstika--requestion of agricultural surpluses from peasants inexcess of absolute minium for centralized distrabution amoung the remaining population. Food and most commodities were rationed and distributed in a centralized way. Private enterprise became illegal. Military-like control of railroads was introduced. |
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| 1918-1921. The economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War. Policy was adopted by the Bosheviks with the aim of keeping tows and the Red Army supplied with weapons and food in conditions in which all normal economic mechanisms and relations were being destroyed by the war. Policies: All industry was nationalizes and strict centralized managment was introduced. State monopoly on foreign trade was introduced. Discipline for workers was strict, and strikers could be shot. Obligatory labour duty was imposed onto "non-working classes". Prodrazvyorstika--requestion of agricultural surpluses from peasants inexcess of absolute minium for centralized distrabution amoung the remaining population. Food and most commodities were rationed and distributed in a centralized way. Private enterprise became illegal. Military-like control of railroads was introduced. |
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| a vast network of slave labor camps operated by the Soviet Union from the 1930s to the 1950s. People who disagreed with and spoke out against the government were sent to them. Died after the death of Stalin and many people were released starting in 1953. Gulag program ended with a government decree in 1960 |
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| a vast network of slave labor camps operated by the Soviet Union from the 1930s to the 1950s. People who disagreed with and spoke out against the government were sent to them. Died after the death of Stalin and many people were released starting in 1953. Gulag program ended with a government decree in 1960 |
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| A period of feminist activity during the 19th century and early 20th century in the UK and US. During the 20th century women achieved more civil equality. Women gained the right to sit in parliament, started serving on school boards and local bodies, women over 29 given the right to vote, were allowed careers in civil service, could divorce men. |
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| The policy of European democracies in the 1930s that aimed to avoid war with the dictatorships of Germany and Italy. Most often associated with the foreign policy of British Prime Ministed Neville Chamberlain toward Nazi Germany betwen 1937 and 1939. |
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| Of 1933: Passed by Germany's Reichstag and signed by President Hinderburg. It gave Chancellor Adolf Hitler powers to establish his dictatorship. It enabled Chancellor Hitler and his cabinet to enact laws without participation of the Reichstag. |
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| 1938. Convened at the initiative of FDR to discuss the issue of increasing number of Jewish refugees feeling Nazi persecution. Representatives from 31 countries met in France, the conference did not pass a resolution condeming the German treatment of Jews or agree to relax quotas for Jewish immigration. The only country willing to accept more Jews was the Dominican Republic. |
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| 1940. The government of France from July 1940 to August 1944. The government succeeded the Third Republic and preceded the Provisional Government of the French Republic. |
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| A suggested policy of the Nazi government to relocate the Jewish population of Europe to the island of Madagascar. |
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| A suggested policy of the Nazi government to relocate the Jewish population of Europe to the island of Madagascar. |
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| one of the last big battles of WWII. Took place in Berlin between April and May 1945. During the battle the Red army captured the city and Adolt Hitler committed suicide in his bunker. |
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| one of the last big battles of WWII. Took place in Berlin between April and May 1945. During the battle the Red army captured the city and Adolt Hitler committed suicide in his bunker. |
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