Additive Meter

• Combinations of groups of 2 and 3
• Found in Eastern European Music
• Used by Bela Bartok
• Mvt 4 of Music for Strings Percussion and Celesta uses 2+3+3

• Musicology instructor to Webern
• University of Vienna

• Composed by Prokofiev
• film score (1938)
• cantata drawn from the film score
• USSR period

• ABCBA, ABCDCBA, ABCDEDCBA, etc.
• Used in Bartok's Music for ... and Celesta 3rd Movement

J.S. Bach

(in relation to Bartok)

• Piano Concerto No. 2
  • Movement 1=homage to Bach
    • 3rd contrasting section: piano and orchestra play a takeoff on a Bach invention

• Collected and studied peasant music with Kodaly 
• Used E. European elements
  • Additive Meter
  • Folk harmonies and melodies
• Also used Western elements
• Known for synthesis of Western and non-western

• Student of Schoenberg
• Used classical forms and means of expression for post-tonal music.

• Composed "Oh dem golden slippers" which was quoted by Ives in General William Booth Enters into Heaven.

• Bartok
• One-act opera
• Combines Hungarian folk elements with influences from Debussy's Pelleas et Melisande

• Schoenberg
• Atonal
• Cycle of 15 songs
• Based on The Book of the Hanging Gardens by Stefan George.

• Wrote the fragmented play "Wozzeck" which Berg used as a basis for his expressionist opera.

• Quoted in Ive's Symphony No. 2

???

• Sonata allegro form with no exposition or repeated development

• Berg
• ???

The "Classical" Symphony

• Prokofiev
• Symphony No. 1
• Neo-classicism
  • Classical forms
  • Modern everything else
• Uses unexpected changes in harmony and rhythm

Cleansing Fountain

• Quoted in Ive's General William Booth...
• presented in cumulative form
• coincides with "Are you washed in the blood of the lamb"

• Quoted in Ive's Symphony No. 2

• Bartok
• Commissioned by Koussevitzky
• Five Movements
• "concerto" because all principal players had solos

• Theme is stated in fragments that become progressively more whole until entire theme is played
• Used in General William Booth with "Cleansing Fountain" theme.

• Director of Alexander Nevsky (Prokofiev)

• Schoenberg
• "Freeing dissonance from its need to resolve
• From atonal period

• New England Transcendentalist
• Wrote "Nature"

Erwartung

• Schoenberg
• Atonal
• One-character opera for soprano
• Expressionism
• No returning themes or motives

"Es is genug; so nimm denn meinen Geist"

• Bach
• Quoted in the 4th movement of Berg's Violin Concerto

• Study of non-western music
• Bartok was pioneer

• seeks to express deep personal feelings
• in music, avoids all traditional forms of "beauty"

• Used to punctuate in Bartok's Piano Concerto No. 2: I, III

• Webern
• Atonal
• No. 4 is only 6 measures long
• Uses complex network of pitches and rhythms

• ???

• Ives
• Poem by Vachel Lindsay
• Juxtaposes Technical complexity and expressivity
• Cumulative form
• Quotes:
  • Oh dem Golden Slippers
  • Reveille
  • Cleansing Fountain

General William Booth Enters into Heaven

• Ives

Albert Giraud

• Wrote Pierot Lunaire poetic cycle

• Daughter of Alma Mahler
• Berg's Violin Concerto in honor of her death

• Certain aspects of music are left undefined
• Players have a degree of choice
• Used in Ive's "The Unanswered Question"

• in 12-tone row: reversing the upward or downward direction of each interval

• Prokofiev
• Film by Eisenstein

• First "real" American composer
• Used hymns and popular tunes from the New England area in his works
• Made living as principal partner at Insurance company so was free to compose as he wished
• Used dissonance to "shock" his audience
• Homophobic - created imaginary character "Rollo" to take out aggressions towards weak, sissy men

• changing tone color=changing pitches in a melody
• used by Schoenberg and also Webern in Symphony, Op. 21

Sergei Koussevitzky

• Conductor of Boston Symphony Orchestra
• Commissioned "Concerto for Orchestra" from Bartok

• Violinist
• Commissioned Violin Concerto from Berg

• Shostakovich
• opera
• closed down due to Stalin's distaste toward the discordant modern music, violence and sex

• Prokofiev
• Film score

• Wrote poem "General William Booth Enters Into Heaven" on which the Ive's piece was based

• Quoted in Ive's Symphony No. 2

• Prokofiev
• Opera (1919)

• Berg
• 12-tone opera
• Incomplete upon death

• Berg
• 12-tone string quartet

• Using pitches outside of western pitches (divisions different than on keyboard)
• Used by Ives

• Bartok
• Set of 153 piano pieces of graded difficulty

• Bartok
• Pantomime

• Schoenberg
• fusion of sonata-allegro movement with multi-movement sonata cycle
• Used in String Quartet in D minor

• Bartok
• symphony in 4 movements for special orchestra
  • I = fugue
  • II = sonata-allegro
  • III = slow arch
  • IV = rondo
• synthesizes E. folk music and W. art music
• Commissioned by Paul Sancher of the Bassel Chamber Orchestra

• Ives
• Captures sounds and feelings from 4 holidays
  • Washington's Birthday
  • Decoration Day (Memorial Day)
  • Fourth of July
  • Thanksgiving

• Belief in interrelation of all things and great uniting of "over soul" of the universe.

• Quoted by Ives in General William Booth enters into Heaven

• Same forward and Backward