Term
|
Definition
An anonymous 9'th Cen. treatise.
describes the 8 liturgical modes
explains the use pf polyphony in medieval music
(p. 41) |
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Term
|
Definition
earliest surviving Religious (christian) hymn.
in Greek
Exists only as a fragment |
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Term
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Definition
Byzantine melodic formulas
(P. 28).
described 8 melodic groupings that later influenced early christian modality |
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Term
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Definition
a Byzantine sermon set to music
"It could best be described as a “sermon in verse accompanied by music”. " (wikipedia" |
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Term
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Definition
Bishop of Milan
genesis of "Ambrosian Chant"
Milanese Chant still survives in Milan |
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Term
| Basis for the Greek system of theory |
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Definition
Hexachords: (p. 44)
1.) 'natural' -- begins on C
2.) 'hard' -- begins on G
3.) 'soft' -- begins on F
* "Mutation" is the process of changing from one hexachord to another in Guidonian sight-singing
Tetrachords: (p. 16) Greek
1.) Diatonic -- B C D E
2.) Chromatic -- B C C# E
3.) Enharmonic -- B Cb (quarter tone) C E |
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Term
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Definition
| Epitaph of Seiklos (fragmentary) |
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Term
| Challenges of studying Roman music |
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Definition
Very little surviving music or writings.
we have to learn by studying Art/ Writings that have survived.
the early christian church got rid of much Roman music because it was 'Pagan' |
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Term
| Events in the late 11'th Century |
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Definition
the Crusades:
began in 1096 when Pope Urban (Meyer...) II gave a speech advocating the christian right over the Holy Land Jerusalem
Selkuk Turks: from Jerusalem, they allowed no Jewish or christian worshippers
Walter von der Vogelweide: (a German Minnesinger) "Palistinilied" was about the Crusades |
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Term
| Early Christian church leaders/ writers |
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Definition
St. Anselm "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm,_Duke_of_Friuli"
St. Augustine
Hucbald
Aurelian of Renomet |
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Term
| Important Development in early christian Liturgy |
|
Definition
more careful notation
rhythmic modes |
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Term
|
Definition
scriptural
monophonic
(p. 26) "unison song with melodies for prescribed texts"
(p. 28) includes Byzantine, Gregorian, Old Roman, and Ambrpsian chant dialects. |
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Term
| Types of Chant with Location |
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Definition
1. Byzantine (in Greek)
the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople
2.Ambrosian Chent (In Italian)
Milan
3. Gallican
Gaul (present-day France, Luxembourg, and Belgium)
4. Old Roman (Latin)
Rome (was replaced by Gregorian Chant in the 11'th -- 13'th Centuries) |
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Term
| Chant with respect to Notation? |
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Definition
Plainchant:
" monophonic, consisting of a single, unaccompanied melodic line. It generally has a more free rhythm than the metered rhythm of later Western music." (wikipedia)
Neumatic
3 types of text setting are applicable here |
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Term
|
Definition
An anonymous 9'th Cen. treatise.
describes the 8 liturgical modes
explains the use pf polyphony in medieval music
(p. 41) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
earliest surviving Religious (christian) hymn.
in Greek
Exists only as a fragment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Byzantine melodic formulas
(P. 28).
described 8 melodic groupings that later influenced early christian modality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a Byzantine sermon set to music
"It could best be described as a “sermon in verse accompanied by music”. " (wikipedia" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bishop of Milan
genesis of "Ambrosian Chant"
Milanese Chant still survives in Milan |
|
|
Term
| Basis for the Greek system of theory |
|
Definition
Hexachords: (p. 44)
1.) 'natural' -- begins on C
2.) 'hard' -- begins on G
3.) 'soft' -- begins on F
* "Mutation" is the process of changing from one hexachord to another in Guidonian sight-singing
Tetrachords: (p. 16) Greek
1.) Diatonic -- B C D E
2.) Chromatic -- B C C# E
3.) Enharmonic -- B Cb (quarter tone) C E |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Epitaph of Seiklos (fragmentary) |
|
|
Term
| Challenges of studying Roman music |
|
Definition
Very little surviving music or writings.
we have to learn by studying Art/ Writings that have survived.
the early christian church got rid of much Roman music because it was 'Pagan' |
|
|
Term
| Events in the late 11'th Century |
|
Definition
the Crusades:
began in 1096 when Pope Urban (Meyer...) II gave a speech advocating the christian right over the Holy Land Jerusalem
Selkuk Turks: from Jerusalem, they allowed no Jewish or christian worshippers
Walter von der Vogelweide: (a German Minnesinger) "Palistinilied" was about the Crusades |
|
|
Term
| Early Christian church leaders/ writers |
|
Definition
St. Anselm "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm,_Duke_of_Friuli"
St. Augustine
Hucbald
Aurelian of Renomet |
|
|
Term
| Important Development in early christian Liturgy |
|
Definition
more careful notation
rhythmic modes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
scriptural
monophonic
(p. 26) "unison song with melodies for prescribed texts"
(p. 28) includes Byzantine, Gregorian, Old Roman, and Ambrosian chant dialects.
3 types of chant:
1. direct
2. responsorial
3. antiphonal |
|
|
Term
| Types of Chant with Location |
|
Definition
1. Byzantine (in Greek)
the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople
2.Ambrosian Chent (In Italian)
Milan
3. Gallican
Gaul (present-day France, Luxembourg, and Belgium)
4. Old Roman (Latin)
Rome (was replaced by Gregorian Chant in the 11'th -- 13'th Centuries) |
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|
Term
| Chant with respect to Notation? |
|
Definition
Plainchant:
" monophonic, consisting of a single, unaccompanied melodic line. It generally has a more free rhythm than the metered rhythm of later Western music." (wikipedia)
Neumatic
3 types of text setting are applicable here |
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Term
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Definition
| "weaving" folk and other melodies into the chant repertoire |
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Term
|
Definition
Rhombus -- native American drum (also Greek) -- 2.6mil.BC
Mammoth Ivory Flute -- 67,000 years ago
Pan Pipes (syrinx) -- 30,000 years ago
rattle, slit drum -- (TIME?) |
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Term
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Definition
569 -- 479 BC
found that music has mathematic principles
believed that musical intervals were somehow linked to planetary motion
"Doctrine of Ethos" states that music affects both Man and the Unverse, and that listening to certain kinds of music will being about changes in the individual. |
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Term
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Definition
a pupil of Aristotle.
"Rhythmic Elements" (330 BC) -- music is aligned with poetic rhythm.
Duration -- "multiples of a basic unit of time" (Aristotle)
Harmonic Elements (300 BC)
2 kinds of speech:
1. continuous, voice slides up and down, as in speech
2. diastemic, voice moves in musical intervals
defined the terms 'interval,' and 'scale' |
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Term
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Definition
christians gather and sing songs at 8 times in the day:
1. matins -- midnight
2. lauds -- sunrise
3. prime -- 6:00
4. terce -- 9:00
5. Sext -- Non
6. nones -- 3:00
7. Vespers --sunset
8. compline -- 9:00
Prime through Nones are called the "little hours" |
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Term
| Neume and its significance? |
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Definition
Neume: Medieval note
earliest form of notation |
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Term
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Definition
| height of the neume shows duration (no staff) |
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Term
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Definition
| Containing the texts of both the Gradual and Antiphon, this is the largest collection of liturgical music. |
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Term
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Definition
| the Collection of Graduals |
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Term
|
Definition
medieval modes (8 of them)
Each pair is referred to as a 'manneriae'
I and II: Dorian and Hypodorian
III and IV: Phrygian and hypophrygian
V and VI: Lydian and hypolydian
VII and VII: Mixolydian and Hypomixolydian
* odd-numbered are "authentic" and even-numbered are "Plagal" |
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Term
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Definition
Developed a system for sight-singing
guidonian hand
Ut Queat Laxis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
chant sung before/ after a psalm -- developed entomologically into the 'refrain'
"any piece of music performed by two semi-independent choirs in interaction, often singing alternate musical phrases, is known as 'antiphonal'.[1] Antiphonal psalmody is the singing or musical playing of psalms by alternating groups of performers.[2]" (wikipedia) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
from Greek 'psalm' -- poems sung to stringed instruments
150 in total
may have been played with harp, lyre, viols, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
one line
most Greek music was monophonic, but musicians often accompanied their own singing (creating polyphony) or create variations on a melody (heterophony) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
A. Introductory Section: "(O)" denotes the ordinary (P.51)
1. Introit
2. (O) Kyrie
3. (O) Gloria
4. Collect
B. Liturgy of the Word
5. Epistle
6. Gradual
7. Alleluia (or tract)
8. Sequence (on major feasts)
9. Gospel
10. Sermon (optional)
11. (O) Credo
C. Liturgy of the Eucharist
12. Offeratory
13. (O) Prayers
14. Secret
15. Preface
16. (O) Sanctus
17. (O) Canon
18. (O) Lord's Prayer
19. (O) Agnus Dei
20. Communion
21. Postcommunion
22. (O) Ite, Missa est |
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Term
|
Definition
From the Latin "tractus" meaning 'drawn out'
Solemn
played during Lent
Longer
several verses of a Psalm set to Music |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 halves of choir alternate |
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Term
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Definition
singing psalms:
mass antiphons are more elaborate than the Office |
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Term
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Definition
1098 -- 1179
joined a convent to become educated
most of her compositions praise the Virgin Mary or various saints.
Melodies had wide ambitus (often above a P12'th), long melismas, and complicated use of melodic modes and patterns.
Von Bingen claimed she was divinely inspired to compose.
Wrote the "Ordo Virtutum," (1151) a catechistic morality play with allegorical characters. |
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Term
|
Definition
latin song form. rhymed poetry sung monophonically
11'th -- 13'th centuries
performed in Southern France |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Poet-Composers in Southern france who spoke OCCITAN
included Bernart de Ventadorn ( ? -- 1130) |
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Term
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Definition
Poet-Composers from Northern France who spoke Old French
Included Henry le Débonnaire (wikipedia) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a knightly poet/musician -- 12'th --14'th Century Germany |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Concluding words of the Mass
Effectively means "Go," or "it is sent" (wikipedia) |
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Term
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Definition
Latin for "Let us Bless the Lord"
Closing Salutation in the Roman Catholic Mass instead of the Ite Missa Est. |
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Term
| what is a hymn and what is its structure? |
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Definition
| Hymn: "a strophic (containing verses) song of worship" |
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Term
|
Definition
a trope of the alleluia
" a chant or hymn sung or recited during the liturgical celebration of the Eucharist for many Christian denominations, before the proclamation of the Gospel. By the time of the Council of Trent (1543-1563) there were sequences for many feasts in the Church's year." (wikipedia). |
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Term
| Surviving Sequences and their meanings: |
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Definition
all but 5 were outlawed by the Council of Trent (1543 -- 1563)
1.) Victimae paschali Laudes (for Easter)
2.) Veni Sancte Spiritus (for the Pentacost)
3.) Lauda Sion Salvatorem (for Corpus Christi)
4.) Dies Irae (Lamb of God) (for All Souls and in Requiem Masses)
5.) *Stabat Mater* was added in the 13'th century for Our Lady Of Sorrows |
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Term
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Definition
| He is the author of the Musica disciplina, the earliest extant treatise on music from medieval Europe. (wikipedia). |
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Term
|
Definition
"Notker the Stammerer"
His "Liber Hymnorum", created between 881 and 887, is an early collection of Sequences, |
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Term
|
Definition
Ended by the Council of Trent
1.) Ordos vir Tutum -- Hildegard Von Bingen
2.) Play of Daniel (p. 64) 12'th Cen. from Beauvis, a region of northern France |
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Term
| A collection of French secular song from the period of the Troubadours and Trouveres |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is "Le Jeu de Robin er Marion" and who composed them? |
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Definition
| "reputedly the earliest French secular play with music, and is the most famous work of Adam de la Hall" (wikipedia) |
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Term
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Definition
12'th through 14'th Century German knightly poet-musician.
included Walter von der Vogelweide |
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Term
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Definition
| German love songs by the Minnesingers |
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Term
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Definition
| the A section of a Minnelieder (most Minnelieder were in AAB form) |
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Term
|
Definition
the B section of a Minnelieder (most Minnelieder were in AAB form)
Usually longer and might end with a repetition of the Stollen (or A section) |
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Term
|
Definition
sacred Italian monophony from the 1300's
composed in Italian Cities and sung by 'contrafraternities' (basically book clubs for Jesus) |
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Term
| Composers of Early Organum |
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Definition
| Leonin ( 1150's -- 1201 ) and Perotin ( Late 12'th and early 13'th centuries ) |
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Term
| Oblique, Parallel, and Contrary Organum |
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Definition
Oblique: upper voice moves, tenor holds
Parallel: voices move in parallel
Contrary: voices move in different directions
this led to more careful notatonal practices |
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Term
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Definition
12'th Cen. "Aquitainian polyphony"
Long notes in Principal voice
chant-based -- contained a drone-like tenor line.
Freely embellished: organum duplum
"The basic principle of florid organum is that there are anywhere from two to six notes in the organal voice sung over a single sustained note in the tenor." (wikipedia). |
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Term
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Definition
| 2+ voices dinging different notes in agreeable combinations according to given rules. |
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Term
| Mixed Parallel and Oblique organum |
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Definition
permits the following:
1. deviance from parallel motion to avoid tritones (when moving in 4'ths and 5'ths)
2. the bottom voice often does not move until it may move by 4'th or 5'th up or down. |
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Term
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Definition
| the original voice had more freedom and prominance |
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Term
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Definition
(P. 98)."A self-contained section of organum which set a word or syllable from the chant to music and concluded with a cadence"
Discant (note against note) music that could be substituted into a previously composed liturgical composition.
rhythmic treatment of the tenor line, long melismas were often shortened.
*** contains an ACTIVE tenor line *** |
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Term
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Definition
monophonic at first, then became polyphonic.
more active tenor
mainly secular
"The style of the conductus was usually rhythmic, as befitting music accompanying a procession, and almost always note-against-note. Stylistically it was utterly different from the other principal liturgical polyphonic form of the time, organum, in which the voices usually moved at different speeds; in conductus, the voices sang together, in a style also known as discant." (wikipedia). |
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Term
| Trope and Sequence in Relation to the Mass: |
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Definition
Trope: an addition to the text of a Mass Mvt.
3 kinds:
1. add music before a chant/ between phrases
2. add melody/ extend melismas
3. add text to a pre-existing melisma
sequence:
after the Alleluia
"Jubilus" a melisma in the Alleluia
allowed more soloistic freedom |
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Term
|
Definition
"Note against Note" (p. 89)
both parts move at about the same rate, and there are around 3 notes in the upper voice for each note in the Tenor
A style of organum that includes a plainchant tenor part with an upper voice moving in contrary motion. |
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Term
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Definition
(P. 91)
voices written in lines above the text -- the top voice above the tenor. |
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Term
| Structure of Early Organum, and how did it change? |
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Definition
Early treatises define organum as "2 or more voices singing different notes in agreeable combinations according to given rules"
used a "Principal Voice" (the top line) and the "Organal Voice" (the bottom line) and included parallel and later mixed and oblique organum.
LATER, this process changed to allow for more advanced "Free Organum" and later "Florid Organum," which wrote for these voices with more deviation from the earlier rules. |
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Term
| an Important center and style of 12'th and 13'th century composition? |
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Definition
the Notre Dame School (p. 91).
"created a new repertoire of unprecedented grandeur and complexity, including the first body of music for more than two voices." |
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Term
|
Definition
Compiled chiefly by Leonin (1150's -- 1201) (p. 94).
contained two-voice settings of responsorial chants (graduals, alleluias, and Office Responsories) for the major feasts of the church year. |
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Term
|
Definition
(1150's -- 1201)
compiled the 'Magnus Liber Organi'
member of Notre Dame School
Composer of organum and sacred polyphony |
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Term
|
Definition
(Late 12'th to early 13'th Cen)
Notre Dame School
Created organum for 3 and 4 voices (built on the works of Leonin) |
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Term
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Definition
| When he edited and expanded the Magnus Liber Organi, Perotin (late 12'th -- Early 13'th Cen.) wrote a large number of clausulae |
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Term
| What important musical term was introduced in the Late 13'th Century which referred to the underlying melody of a motet? |
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Definition
"Cantus Firmus," designates an existing (usually plainchant) melody on which a motet is based.
Introduced around 1270 by the theorist Hieronymus de Moravia" |
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Term
| What was an important development in the motet? |
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Definition
Franconian Notation. (P. 105-107)
explained in his 1280 text "Ars cantus mensurabilis" (the Art of Measurable Music)
*used different shaped notes to represent duration.
led to a dramatic increase in the rhythmic complexity of Motet of the time, more independence in and between voices.
All rhythms were based in the Perfectio, in groups of 3 to symbolize the Holy Trinity. |
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Term
| Composers of the 'Newer style' of motet? |
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Definition
Adam de la Halle (1237? -- 1288)
Petrus de Cruce (Late 13'th Cen.)
May have studied under Franco of Cologne (wikipedia) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Franconian Notation. (P. 105-107)
explained in his 1280 text "Ars cantus mensurabilis" (the Art of Measurable Music)
*used different shaped notes to represent duration.
led to a dramatic increase in the rhythmic complexity of Motet of the time, more independence in and between voices.
All rhythms were based in the Perfectio, in groups of 3 to symbolize the Holy Trinity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a perpetual canon or round at the unison. |
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Term
|
Definition
| two or three phrases (first heard simultaneously) are sung in turn by different voices. |
|
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Term
| Give and Describe an example of a troped chant. |
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Definition
The "Introit Antiphon for Christmas Day" begins with a trope.
the movement begins with the new text which translates to "God the Father today sent His Son into the world, for which we say, rejoicing with a Prophet:" before the original text "A child is born unto us, and a Son given to us..." |
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Term
| What is a term for shortened note values? |
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Definition
in Franconian Notation:
1.) Double Long (widened rectangle with a line coming from the bottom right)
2.) Long (a Square with a line coming from the bottom right)
3.) Breve (a Square)
4.) Semibreve (a Diamond) |
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Term
|
Definition
(P. 102)
"The duplum of a motet could be called this" but more likely it refers to the Motet, the 13'th Century Notre Dame School Invention which is characterized by complex and often multi-texted (usu. Latin and French) polyphonic composition which succeeded Organum style. |
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