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In what decade did the Rococo musical style primarily reside? |
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When does the Classic era start and end? |
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A German philosopher from the Age of Enlightenment |
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Which philosopher of the enlightenment said something along these lines? (1690)
o “A contract exists between the government and the governed” o “If government violates this contract, the governed can rebel” |
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Who was the leader of French thinkers during the Enlightenment? |
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Fraternal organization that promoted the idea that “all men are brothers” |
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Name three distinct members of the Freemasons. |
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o Emperor Joseph II of Austria o Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart o George Washington |
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Who established the University of Virginia? |
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Which two wars sent France into bankruptcy? |
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The Seven Years' War and the French and Indian War |
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Who were Europe's enlightened rulers, and which countries did they rule? |
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- Frederick the Great – Prussia - Catharine the Great – Russia - Joseph II – Austria |
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How did Emperor Joseph II reduce the power of the clergy? |
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o Made clergy lose civil legal power o Marriage became a civil legal arrangement o Required clergy to attend seminaries and swear allegiance to the Emperor |
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Where was the musical center of Europe in the 1780s and 90s? |
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By 1800, what were the primary musical forum in all major European cities? |
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What family did Haydn work for most of his life? |
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What were some general characteristics of the Classic era? |
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- Balance and proportion - Clarity and accessibility - “Easy on the ear” - Beautiful, moving and profound - Appeal to experienced listeners and amateurs alike - Melody and accompaniment - Light and simple |
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What were some SPECIFIC characteristics of the music of the Classic era? |
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- Rhythm – highly flexible - Dynamics – Wide variety, composers specify p, mp, mf, f - Idea of crescendo and decrescendo come into general use - Fortepiano and Pianoforte supplant the Harpsichord as the keyboard of choice, due to said instruments having a wider range - Melody – takes on great importance o Melodies have a pleasing quality to them o Audiences can now “hum the tunes” - Phrases – balanced, usually 2 or 4 bars long - Harmony – generally simple, logical and clear o Straightforward harmonic accompaniment o Little counterpoint o Simple Bass line provides the foundation for the chord o Baroque basso continuo is gone |
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Describe the basic instrumentation of the Classical orchestra. |
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- Strings (violin 1 and 2, viola, cello, double bass) - Woodwinds (flute, oboe, bassoon) and French Horns in pairs |
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how quickly chords change |
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Name one of Mozart's opera serias. |
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While instrumental music was theorized to appeal to the heart, vocal music was said to appeal to the: |
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In what ways did Gluck work for change in opera? |
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- No da capo arias - Little/no vocal improvisation - No long melismas - Syllabic text settings - Blurring recitative and aria o Accompanied recitative - Simpler melodies - Overture linked by theme/mood to the ensuing action - More prominence of the chorus |
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What was the name of Mozart's librettist? |
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How many movements did the standard Classical concerto have? |
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Describe the movements of the standard classical concerto. |
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1st Fast Sonata Tonic 2nd Slow Theme and Variations or Aria Dominant, Subdominant, relative minor 3rd Very fast Minuet and Trio |
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What was Mozart's first official job? |
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Junior composer under the Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg |
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What was the name of Mozart's wife? |
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in which a powerful ruler exercises restraint and works constantly for the good of the whole |
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What three revolutions were occurring around the time of the Classical era? |
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American, French, and Industrial |
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a search for themes, often opening with rhapsodic, quasi-improvisatory flourishes on the triad |
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rollicking and boisterous; always in triple meter and almost always consists of two juxtaposed binary forms |
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In what forms are finales most common? |
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a type of movement associated largely with finales and found in many different instrumental genres; derived from a Baroque dance form (ABACADA) - opening theme is typically brief and catchy - closed, self-contained unit consisting of an antecedent and consequent phrase with a cadence in the tonic |
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contrasting ideas in rondo form |
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A(I) B(V) A(I) C(X) A(I) B(I) A(I) |
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What kind of sonata form did Haydn employ? |
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Sonata form with varied reprise – exposition is not repeated note for note, but is instead changed in subtle ways |
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Describe the movements of the standard Classical symphony. |
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- 1st movement: weightiest of the four and sets tone; sonata form w/ slow intro sometimes - 2nd movement: slow; sonata form, sonata form w/o development, theme and variations, aria; usually in a key other than the tonic, most commonly the subdominant - 3rd movement: Minuet; “dance inspired” - 4th movement: finale, relatively light; sonata, rondo, sonata-rondo |
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Describe the double-exposition concerto form. |
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- Tutti exposition (tonic) - Solo exposition (tonicsecondary) - Development (unstable) - Recapitulation (tonic) - Cadenza & coda (tonic) |
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Mozart’s music in general is renowned for its abundance of thematic ideas, while Haydn tends to develop a smaller number of ideas more thoroughly. |
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a work intended for performance between the acts of a larger (serious) opera |
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What form does the first movement of a symphony employ the most? |
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a big formal pause for the soloist to improvise and display their virtuosity becomes formalized. It occurs shortly before the end of the first movement. |
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Chamber music was written with ________ musicians in mind. |
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Nature: Art: Genius Technique Inspiration Craft Unconscious Conscious Effortlessness Hard work Divine Human Not teachable Teachable |
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What kind of musical form was the sonata? |
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