Term
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Definition
- Mohamed - Muslims follow him; use the Koran
Countries: Turkey, Iran & Egypt
Know: The Koran & Judaism |
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Term
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Definition
- West Asia & North Africa
- Islam, Christianity, Judaism
- Ancient Civilizations
- Influence on Europe
- Arabic, Turkish, Persian |
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Term
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Definition
- Crossroads between Europe and Asia
- "Istanbul", not "Constantinople" (ottoman empire)
- European effect (should be European or Asian) |
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Term
| TURKEY: Islamic "Call to Prayer" (Adhan) |
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Definition
1st Impression:
- Heightened speech (between speaking and singing)
- Respectful
Aural Analysis:
- Melismatic (decorated, lots of notes) male voice
- "Allah" - god is great |
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Term
| TURKEY: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- Muhammed - god
- Koran - holy book
- Muslim - surrender to God; practice Islam
- Mosque - holy place (Mirab nitch in Ka'ba; facing Mecca or wall)
- "Blue Mosque" - no depictions/pictures of god |
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Term
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Definition
- Koranic chant
- Pilgrimage chants (Hajj) - expected to do/face Mecca if practicing Islam
- Eulogy chants & chanted poetry |
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Term
| ISLAMIC: 3 Main Branches of Islam |
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Definition
1. Sunni - more moderate Muslims
2. Shlahn - more rules (strict)
3. Sufi - mystical branch of Islam (music is essential) |
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Term
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Definition
- Family & celebratory
- Occupational Music (cararan, shepherd, merchant)
- Military music (preceded by a band) |
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Term
| ISLAMIC: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- Islamic attitudes towards music:
Legitimate - music for worship or function
Controversial - "art or entertainment"
Illegitimate - sensual music
Haram
belly dancing
American pop music |
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Term
| ISLAMIC: Arabic Modal Improvisation |
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Definition
1st Impressions:
- Dreamy & improvised
Aural Analysis:
- Arud (fretless; pear-shaped)
- Buzg (cordophone; has frets & adjustable)
- Makam - "composition kit" - info on how to play
- Oral tradition
- Free rhythm
- 24 pitches to an octave
- Take turns playing |
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Term
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Definition
- Largely mountainous
- Persian, not Arabic
- Predominantly Shi'a Muslim (more strict)
- Theocracy since 1979 (combines religion and democracy) |
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Term
| IRAN: Dastagh - Santur & Voice |
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Definition
1st Impressions:
- Melancholy Melisma
Aural Analysis:
- Santur (trapezoid sither, played w/ 2 hammers)
- Dastgan (whole composition)
- Gushen - based on mood
- Radif - composition books
- Formally taught in schools |
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Term
| IRAN: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- Schools of Dastagh
- Non - meter over meter (don't waant to be confined to a steady beat)
- Classical underground |
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Term
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Definition
- Pyramids & Pharaohs
- Suez canal 1869 (opened up trade & travel)
- Modern era |
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Term
| EGYPT: Arabic Takht Ensemble |
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Definition
1st Impressions:
- Belly dance music
Aural Analysis:
-Takht
Melody: Ud (zither), Kemanja (fiddle), Kanun (zither; plucked), Ney (flute)
Rhythm: Riqq (tamborine), Duff (framed drum), Tabala (goblet shaped hand drum)
- Bashraf - form of composition
- Iqa-at - rhythmic bows |
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Term
| EGYPT: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- "Belly dance"
- Music evokes emotion
- Tarab - idea that there's supposed to be a merger between you & the music |
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Term
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Definition
- Mystical branch of Islam
- Noted for their woolem (suf) ropes
- Most common in Turkey
- Monasteries & Dervish (begger) |
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Term
| SUFISM: Suf Dhikr Ceremony |
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Definition
1st Impressions:
- "spinning top" vocal swirl
- Vocal cry over hearty chant
Aural Analysis:
- Ney & "takht" instruments
- Unison singing w/ shifting tonal center followed by:
- Melismatic chant in free rhythm
- Deep, raspy, "Allah" chant
- Ilani |
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Term
| SUFISM: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- Dhkir - "remembrance"
- Music as a "spiritual leader"
- Spiritual ecstasy
- Oneness with Allah (god)
- Whirling dervish (begger) |
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Term
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Definition
- Isreal (holy land)
- The diaspora (any person who goes to another culture)
- Sephardic - Ashkenazi (Jewish populations from Europe) |
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Term
| JUDAISM: Jewish Cantillation |
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Definition
1st Impressions:
- Sung recitation
Aural Analysis:
- Cantor - good singer
- "Speech" rhythm
- Melodic formulas
- Changed the word "god" |
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Term
| JUDAISM: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- Toran (1st parts of the bible)
- Synagogue
- Shofar (blow it to mark division in the service) |
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Term
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Definition
- Farming is a primary occupation
- Cultural zones
- Pan Arabic/Sahel/Sub-Saharan Africa
- Nearly 3,000 separate ethnic groups
- Roughly 1,800 spoke languages
- European languages common
- Modern Politics |
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Term
| AFRICA: Shared African Beliefs |
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Definition
- Community is social focus
- "I am, because we are." ("Umbuntu")
- How everyone works together
- Community includes living & ancestors
- Animism prevalent
- Music is a part of life |
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Term
| AFRICA: African Music Principles |
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Definition
- Oral tradition
- Focus on group over individual
- Poly-rhythm - many rhythms, interlocking rhythmic layers
- Call and response
- Dance |
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Term
| AFRICA: Video (Ghana) - Sound of Silence |
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Definition
- Kneeding dough - listening to silence, just like music
- Druming & dancing
- Week long funeral
- Carpeter drums |
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Term
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Definition
- West Africa; most familiar to outsiders
- Kente cloth - long weaved piece of clothing, each square has meaning
- The group "Asante" were well known for making/using cloth
- Akan & other indigenous languages (largest ethnic group) |
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Term
| GHANA: Polyrhythmic Ensemble |
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Definition
1st Impressions:
- Rhythmic kaleidoscope (Bell = steady*)
Aural Analysis:
- Drums, rattles, and bells
- Call and response
- Polyrhythm |
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Term
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Definition
- Overall sound is rhythmically dense
- "Simple" individual patterns
- complex combined whole
1. Timeline patterns
- Referred to as "density referent"
2. Support drums |
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Term
| GHANA: Cultural Considerations (Polyrhythmic ensemble) |
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Definition
- Recreational bands
- Formal & Informal contexts
3. Master drummers |
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Term
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Definition
1st Impression:
- Mimicking drum
Aural Analysis:
- Surrogate speech
- Tonal contour of language
- Speech rhythm
- Hi/lo drums or one drum with multiple tones |
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Term
| GHANA: Cultural Considerations (Talking Drums) |
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Definition
- Drums give words more power
- Praise drumming
- "Proverb" performance |
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Term
| CENTRAL AFRICA: Democratic Republic of the Congo |
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Definition
- Rainforests of Central Africa
- Unknown pygmy population
- Nomadic egalitarian societies
- No "leader" |
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Term
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Definition
1st Imressions:
- Interweaving "Hoots & Hollers"
Aural Analysis:
- Vocal polyrhythm
- Minimal percussion
- Call & response (since there is no leader) |
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Term
| CENTRAL AFRICA: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- Community participation
- Portable instruments
- Animistic beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
- Victoria Falls
- Former British colony
- Shona ethnic group |
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Term
| ZIMBABWE: Mbira Dza Vadzimu (instrument) |
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Definition
1st Impressions:
- Polyrhythmic music box
Aural Analysis:
- Mbira (dza vadzimu) - lamellophone
- 2 Parts:
1. Left: Kushaura
2. Right: Kutsinhira
- Hosho & Voice (morraca like instrument)
- *Not call & response |
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Term
| ZIMBABWE: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- "Called" to play mbira
- Music is protected property
- Bira - Spirit possession ceremony |
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Term
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Definition
- Western/Eastern Europe
Language often indicates cultural background
- Jewish & Romani ethnic groups |
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Term
| EUROPE: Classical vs. Folk |
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Definition
- Pan - European Music "classical"
- The "court" connection
- The "church" connection |
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Term
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Definition
- Essence of cultural identity
- Arabic influence |
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Term
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Definition
- Emphasis on polyphony (harmony)
- Large ensembles are common
- Instruments often capable of polyphony
- Steady meter |
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Term
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Definition
- Classical culture
- Alexander the Great
- Ottoman/Turkish rule
- Modern Greece |
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Term
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Definition
- Country: Greece
- Instrument: Vocal
1st Impressions:
- Ethereal chant over drone
Aural Analysis:
- Male voice
- Liturgical Chant
- Echoi("mode)*
- Tonal harmony*
- NOT call & response
- Listen for drone |
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Term
| GREECE: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- Greek orthodox church*
- Monatic republic of Athos* (not outside influence)
- "Ancient" chant |
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Term
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Definition
- Andalusia (where flamenco developed)
- Arabic influence
- Gypsy cultural influence*
- Catholicism & colonialism
- "Old world" sensibility |
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Term
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Definition
- Instruments:
- Virtuosic guitar
- Melismatic* cantaoras with "strained" timbre
- Interlocking palmas (hand claps)*
1st Impressions:
- Passionate vocals
- Enthusiastic onlookers & energetic dancers |
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Term
| SPAIN: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- Duende - "passion"*
- Cante - Andalusian origin
- "Gypsy" influence* (from India)
- Musical adaption |
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Term
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Definition
- The Danube
- Eastern or Western Europe
- Nazis & Cold War |
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Term
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Definition
- Instruments: Hurdy Gurdy (cordophone)
1st Impressions:
- "Buzzing" bagpipe
Aural Analysis:
- "Cranked" cordophone
-"Buzz" drone sounds rhythm
- Parlando - rubato (style of hurdy gurdy) |
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Term
| HUNGARY: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- Bela Bartok, famous composer
- The Rom "Gypsies"
- Cimbalom - Hungary's national instrument |
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Term
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Definition
- Not a country, part of the UK
- Highlands and lowlands culture
- "Nessie" & St. Andrews (tourist attractions) |
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Term
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Definition
1st Impressions:
- Strident tones with constant drone
Aural Analysis:
- Airbag, drones, chanter
- Blowpipe (lung driven) |
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Term
| SCOTLAND: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- Symbol of Scottish identity
- Military music
- Often accompanied by marching drums
- The Lone Piper
- Outside of Scotland
- Used to accompany dance |
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Term
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Definition
- The emerald Isle & Celtic culture
- The Great Famine
- The republic of Ireland & Northern Ireland |
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Term
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Definition
1st Impressions:
- Mellow melody
- "Chords" & drone
Aural Analysis:
- Uillean pipes - bellows (pump to make noise) driven
- No blow pipe
- Regulators (keys)
- Dance Tunes |
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Term
| IRELAND: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- Pubs & Sessions
- Ceili bands
- Bodhran, button boxes (according)
- Fiddles and flutes
- Bagpipes and "spoons" etc |
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Term
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Definition
- Crossroads of Europe & Asia
- The Ottomans
- Communist control |
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Term
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Definition
1st Impressions:
- Unsettling harmonies
Aural Analysis:
- All female choir
- Bellowing & crying out
- "Ring like a bell" |
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Term
| BULGARIA: Cultural Considerations |
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Definition
- Ottoman influence
- Peasant music
- Les Hystere des voix Bulgares |
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Term
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Definition
- Center of learning
- Scholars came from all over the world
- Embraced Aristotle & Plato
- Translated from Greek writings |
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Term
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Definition
- Entered Jerusalem - Huge massacre
- Wanted holy city
- Baghdad - the best people go there (scholars)
- Aljoquin (madman) - entered Jerusalem unexpectedly |
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