Term
| _________ eat large quantities of food (invest a lot of time eating). |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ cannot digest cellulose, which raises the possibility of a symbiotic relationship. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ capture and kill prey with various adaptations, including claws, tentacles, fangs, poison glands, and teeth. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ have adaptations to help distinguish among a wide range of smells and tastes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is digestion within a cavity more efficient than intracellular digestion? Explain your answer |
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Definition
| 1) Digestion within a cavity is more efficient than intracellular digestion because the digestive enzymes can be released into one confined space, so less surface area is required. |
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Term
| _________ is the epithelial tissue lining inside of the digestive tract or lumen |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ is a layer of the digestive tract that may be folded to increase absorptive area. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ is a layer of the digestive tract that may contain _________ cells which secrete mucus into the lumen for lubrication. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ is a layer of the digestive tract that is composed of connective tissue and possesses blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves. |
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Definition
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Term
The _________ is a layer of the digestive tract that has two layers of smooth muscle.
-The (inner/outer) layer has a circular arrangement.
-The (inner/outer) layer has a longitudinal arrangement.
Movement of food within this layer is primarily by _________. |
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Definition
1) Muscularis
2) Inner
3) Outer
4) Peristalsis |
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Term
The _________ _________ is the outermost layer of the digestive tract which is composed of a layer of connective tissue (_________).
Below the level of diaphragm the adventitia becomes the visceral peritoneum or _________. |
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Definition
1) Visceral peritoneum
2) Adventitia
3) Serosa |
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Term
| The visceral peritoneum is connected to the _________ _________ lining the abdominal cavity. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the passage of food from the mouth to the large intestine? |
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Definition
| 1) Mouth -> pharynx -> esophagus -> stomach -> small Intestine -> liver -> pancreas -> large intestine |
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Term
| The _________ functions in ingestion and digestion. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the mechanical digestion which occurs in the mouth (chewing) |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ is an enzyme found within saliva in the mouth that functions in chemical digestion. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _________ is the chewed food which is made into a ball to be swallowed. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is another name for swallowing. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ is the muscular tube shared by the digestive (_________) and respiratory (_________) system. |
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Definition
1) Pharynx
2) Digestive
3) Respiratory |
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Term
| The _________ is the tube to the stomach. |
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Definition
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Term
| Swallowing is regulated by the (somatic/autonomic) nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ moves food along the esophagus once the _________ _________ opens. |
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Definition
1) Peristalsis
2) Esophageal sphincter |
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Term
| The glottis is closed by the _________ during swallowing to close the opening to the airway. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ _________ divides the esophagus from the stomach and meets right behind the heart; plays a role in heart burn. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ is the cause for vomiting. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is gravity essential for the food to reach the stomach? |
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Definition
| 1) When the body is in an upright position, gravity helps food move through the esophagus, but it is not essential. |
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Term
| _________ are folds of the stomach. |
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Definition
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Term
| Food is usually processed in the stomach for _________-_________ hours. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ breakdown of food is an important role of the stomach. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most chemical digestion (does/does not) occur in the stomach. |
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Definition
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Term
| The stomach is analogous to the _________ of an earthworm. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ _________ in the stomach lining secrete gastric juice. |
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Definition
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Term
| Parietal cells are found in the stomach and secrete _________ _________ which has an antibacterial effect and also aids in the chemical breakdown of food; they also secrete _________ _________ that helps in the absorption of vitamin B12. |
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Definition
1) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
2) Intrinsic factor |
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Term
| Chief cells are found in the stomach and secrete _________ which reacts with _________ _________ to form pepsin. |
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Definition
1) Pepsinogen
2) Hydrochloric acid |
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Term
| Pepsin is the main stomach enzyme that hydrolyzes _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Goblet cells are found in the stomach and secrete _________ to protect the stomach lining from the acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Some water, alcohol and many drugs are absorbed directly across the _________ lining. |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscular churning and chemical digestion within the stomach create a soup of partially digested food called _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Chyme produced in the stomach enters the _________ _________ through the _________ _________. |
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Definition
1) Small intestine
2) Pyloric sphincter |
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Term
| The _________ _________ primarily participates in digestion and absorption. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three regions of the small intestine? |
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Definition
| 1) Duodenum, jejunum, and the ilium |
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Term
| In the small intestine, the _________ is where most (mechanical/chemical digestion occurs, as bile from the _________ and enzymes from the _________ are released here and act on the chyme. |
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Definition
1) Duodenum
2) Chemical
3) Liver
4) Pancreas |
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Term
| In the small intestine, the jejunum and ilium participate in _________. |
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Definition
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Term
In the small intestine, _________ and _________ help increase the surface area by about 600 times.
If unfolded they are about the size of a (basketball/tennis) court. |
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Definition
1) Villi
2) Microvilli
3) Tennis |
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Term
| The _________ produces bile made up of water, bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, salts, and _________ (phospholipid), which is stored in the _________ _________ and enters the small intestine via the _________ _________ and is important in the mechanical breakdown and absorption of fats. |
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Definition
1) Liver
2) Lecithin
3) Gall bladder
4) Bile duct |
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Term
| The _________ is important in the detoxification of alcohol and other drugs and poisons that enter the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ converts excess amino acids (which are later stored as _________ tissue) to fatty acids and urea. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ converts glucose to glycogen, storing extra sugar. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver stores _________ and certain vitamins |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ helps to maintain homeostasis by removing or adding nutrients to the blood. |
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Definition
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Term
| The pancreas secretes _________ ions into the _________ _________ to buffer chyme and neutralize the acidity. |
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Definition
1) Bicarbonate
2) Small intestine |
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Term
The pancreas secretes a variety of enzymes into the _________ _________, including:
-Pancreatic lipase (_________ digestion).
-Pancreatic amylase (complex _________ digestion).
-Proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin (_________ digestion)
-Nucleases ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease (_________ _________ digestion). |
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Definition
1) Small intestine
2) Lipid
3) Carbohydrate
4) Protein
5) Nucleic acid |
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Term
| The _________ _________ has no villi but plenty of goblet cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ _________ primarily participates in the reabsortion of water and minerals. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the _________ _________ there is no digestion or nutrient absorption. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are located in the large intestine and make _________ which is important for blood clotting. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ _________ also participates in the elimination of undigested matter. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most chemical digestion does not occur in the stomach: TRUE or FALSE |
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Definition
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Term
The _________ is a layer of the digestive tract in which its walls contain blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels.
a. Submucosa
b. Mucosa
c. Muscularis
d. Visceral peritoneum |
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Definition
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Term
The fist chemical digestion of food is within the:
a. Liver
b. Esophagus
c. Small intestine
d. Stomach
e. Oral cavity |
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Definition
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Term
Rugae are found in the:
a. Small intestine
b. Stomach
c. Esophagus
d. Oral cavity
e. Large intestine |
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Definition
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Term
Parietal cells:
a. Secrete HCl
b. Secrete mucus for lubrication
c. Secrete pepsinogen
d. Are involved in the menstrual cycle |
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Definition
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Term
The pancreas secretes all of the following except:
a. Bicarbonates
b. Pancreatic amylase
c. Salivary amylase
d. Proteases
e. Nucleases |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a hormone which stimulates the gastirc glands to secrete pepsinogen. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a hormone that signals the secretion of sodium bicarbonate and bile. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a hormone that stimulates the release of digestive enzymes and the emptying of bile. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________-_________ _________ _________ is a hormone which stimulates insulin secretion. |
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Definition
| 1) Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, or GIP |
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Term
| _________ is a hormone produced mainly by P/D1 cells lining the _________ of the stomach and _________ cells of the pancreas that stimulates hunger. |
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Definition
1) Gherlin
2) Fundus
3) Epsilon |
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Term
| _________ levels increase before meals and decrease after meals; it is considered the counterpart of the hormone _________ (produced by adipose tissue) which induces _________ when present at higher levels. |
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Definition
1) Gherlin
2) Leptin
3) Satiation |
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Term
| Which part of the brain has an important function in digestion, swallowing, and vomiting? |
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Definition
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Term
Digestion / Transportation of Fats
-Fats are mainly ingested as _________.
-_________ are water soluble, fats are not.
-Bile helps _________ (the breakdown of fat into smaller droplets)
-Bile has a hydrophobic (which gets absorbed into the fat) and a hydrophillic end (which sticks out) and together this structure (bile and fats) and is known as _________.
-_________ _________ can now act and break down fats into fatty acids and monoacylglycerol which can now pass through the intestinal mucosa into the epithelial cells (because its hydrophobic).
-Inside the cells they enter the ER, get resynthesized into triaglycerides combined with cholesterol and phospholipids and are coated with a protein to become _________.
-Protein coats make chylomicron water soluble and help _________.
-Chylomicron acts as a shuttle to transport _________ throughout the body. |
|
Definition
1) Tricylglycerols
2) Lipases
3) Emulsification
4) Micelles
5) Pancreatic lipase
6) Chylomicron
7) Exocytosis
8) Lipids |
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Term
| As chylomicrons circulate in the blood, the enzyme _________ _________ breaks down triacylglycerols (fatty acids and glycerol are then taken up by the cells). |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ cells repackage cholesterol and triacylglycerols to be transported as lipoproteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| When cholesterol levels are high HDLs collect excess _________ and transport it to the _________ reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is LDL referred to as "bad cholesterol"? |
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Definition
1) LDLs are the main source of cholesterol that builds up in the walls of the arteries and is the primary cause of atherosclerosis - a progressive disease in which the arteries become clogged with fatty material.
Due to their negative effects, LDLs are often referred to as "bad cholesterol." |
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Term
| Why is HDL referred to as "good cholesterol"? |
|
Definition
1) When cholesterol levels are high, HDLs collect the excess cholesterol and transport it to the liver.
HDLs are essentially antagonists to LDLs, as they decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Due to their positive effects, HDLs are often referred to as "good cholesterol." |
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Term
| Does fiber increase or decrease cholesterol concentration in the blood? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Does fiber increase or decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Does fiber increase or decrease the levels of HDLs in the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the role of the following with respect to obesity?
a. Leptin
b. Gherlin
c. Obestatin
d. Cholecystokinin |
|
Definition
1) Leptin decreases appetite and thus increases weight loss.
2) Gherlin stimulates appetite when the stomach is empty.
3) Obsetatin signals atiety and suppresses food intake
4) Cholecystokinin signal satiety and suppresses food intake. |
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Term
| _________ is converted to retinal; essential for normal vision; essential for normal growth and differentiation of cells; reproduction; immunity. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ promotes calcium and phosphorous absorption from digestive tract; essential to normal growth and maintenance of bone. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is an antioxidant; protects unsaturated fatty acids and cell membranes. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is important in the synthesis of blood-clotting proteins. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is important collagen synthesis; antioxidant; needed for synthesis of some hormones and neurotransmitters; important in immune function. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the main mineral of bones and teeth; essential for normal blood clotting, muscle function, nerve function, and regulation of cell activities. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ performs more functions than any other mineral; structural component of bone; component of ATP, DNA, RNA and phospholipids. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the component of many proteins and vitamins. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the principal positive ion within cells; important in muscle contraction and nerve function. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the principal positive ion in interstitial fluid; important in fluid balance; neural transmission. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the principal negative ion of interstitial fluid; important in fluid balance and in acid-base balance. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is needed for normal muscle and nerve function. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a component of several enzymes; essential for hemoglobin synthesis. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a component of thyroid hormones (hormones that increase metabolic rate); deficiency results in goiter (abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland). |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is necessary for the activation of many enzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin and is important in respiratory enzymes (cytochromes) and other enzymes essential to oxygen transport and cellular respiration; deficiency results in anemia and may impair cognitive function. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a component of bones and teeth; makes teeth resistant to decay; excess causes tooth molting. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a cofactor for at least 70 enzymes; helps regulate the synthesis of certain proteins; needed for growth and repair of tissues; deficiency may impair cognitive function. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is an antioxidant (cofactor for a peroxidase that breaks down peroxides); appears to protect against prostate cancer in men. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _________ _________ _________ is the rate at which the body releases as heat as a result of breaking down fuel molecules. |
|
Definition
| 1) Basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
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|
Term
| _________ _________ _________ is the sum of an individual's BMR and the energy used to carry on all daily activities. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _________ _________ _________ is a measure of body size which is an index of weight in relation to height. |
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Definition
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Term
_________ is a hormone stimulates the gastric glands to secrete pepsinogen.
a. Gastrin
b. Secretin
c. CCK
d. GIP
e. Testosterone |
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Definition
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Term
Soup of partially digested food as a result of muscular churning and chemical digestion in the stomach is referred to as:
a. Bolus
b. Chyme
c. Lacteal
d. Chylomicron
e. Peristalsis |
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Definition
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|
Term
_________ is important in the mechanical breakdown and absorption of fats.
a. Nucleases
b. Carbohydrates
c. Bile
d. Amylase
e. Pepsin |
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Definition
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|
Term
Lipids are transported from the intestine to the liver by:
a. Chylomicrons
b. HDLs
c. LDLs
d. Leptin |
|
Definition
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|
Term
Which hormone stimulates the secretion of bile:
a. Gastrin
b. Secretin
c. CCK
d. GIP |
|
Definition
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