Term
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Provides support and shape to the body through a framework of bones and cartilage
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Stores calcium and other minerals
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Produces certain blood cells within bone marrow
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| Functions of the skeleton |
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| study and treatment of the musculoskeletal system |
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| bone marrow or spinal cord |
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| pelvis (basin) or hip bone |
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| rod-shaped or striated (skeletal) |
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appendicular skeleton
ap′en-dik′yū-lăr skel′[image]-t[image]n |
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Definition
| bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities |
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Term
axial skeleton
ak′sē-ăl skel′[image]-t[image]n |
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Definition
| bones of the skull, vertebral column chest, and hyoid bone (U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue) |
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Definition
| specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton |
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compact bone
kom′pakt bōn |
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Definition
| tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones |
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Term
spongy bone
sp[image]n′jē bōn |
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Definition
| mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity |
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Definition
| bones of the arms and legs |
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Definition
| bones of the wrist and ankles |
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Definition
| bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull |
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Term
irregular bones
ir-reg′yū-lăr bōnz |
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Definition
| bones of the vertebrae and face |
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Term
sesamoid bones
ses′ă-moyd bōnz |
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Definition
| round bones found near joints (e.g., the patella) |
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Definition
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diaphysis
d[image]-af′i-sis |
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Definition
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metaphysis
m[image]-taf′i-sis |
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Definition
| growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone |
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Term
endosteum
en-dos′tē-[image]m |
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Definition
| membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone |
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Term
medullary cavity
med′[image]l-ār-ē kav′i-tē |
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Definition
| cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow |
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Term
bone marrow
bōn ma′rō soft |
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Definition
| connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones |
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Term
red bone marrow
r[image]d bōn ma′rō |
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Definition
| functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infantsand in the flat bones in adults |
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Term
yellow bone marrow
yel′ō bōn ma′rō |
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Definition
| gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells |
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Term
periosteum
per-ē-os′tē-[image]m |
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Definition
| a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone |
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Term
articular cartilage
ar-tik′yu-lăr kar′ti-lij |
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Definition
| a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate |
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articulation
ar′tik-yū-lā′sh[image]n |
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Definition
| a joint; the point where two bones come together |
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Definition
| a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction |
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Term
nucleus pulposus
nū′klē-[image]s pōl-pō′s[image]s |
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Definition
| the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk |
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Term
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Definition
| a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone |
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Term
synovial membrane
si-nō′vē-ăl mem′brān |
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Definition
| membrane lining the capsule of a joint |
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Term
synovial fluid
si-nō′vē-ăl flū′id |
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Definition
| joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body |
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Term
striated muscle
str[image]′āt-[image]d m[image]s′[image]l |
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Definition
| voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton |
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Term
smooth muscle
smūth m[image]s′[image]l |
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Definition
| involuntary muscle found in internal organs |
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Term
cardiac muscle
kar′dē-ak m[image]s′[image]l |
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Definition
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Term
origin of a muscle
ōr′i-jin of a m[image]s′[image]l |
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Definition
| muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts |
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Term
insertion of a muscle
in-s[image]r′sh[image]n of a m[image]s′[image]l |
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Definition
| muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts |
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Term
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Definition
| a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone |
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Term
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Definition
| a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle |
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Term
anatomic or anatomical position
an-ah-t[image]m′ik or an-ah-t[image]m′ik-ăl pō-z[image]′sh[image]n |
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Definition
| a term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions, or directions: the person is assumed to be standing upright (erect), facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward; the patient is visualized in this pose when applying any other term of reference |
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Term
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Definition
| reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts |
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Term
coronal plane
kōr′[image]-năl plān |
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Definition
| vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions |
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Term
sagittal plane
saj′i-tăl plān |
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Definition
| vertical division of the body into right and left portions |
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Term
transverse plane
trans-v[image]rs′ plān |
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Definition
| horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions |
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Term
anterior (A)
an-tēr′ē-[image]r |
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Definition
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posterior (P)
pos-tēr′ē-[image]r |
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Definition
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Definition
| from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam |
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Definition
| from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam |
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Term
superior
sū-pēr′ē-[image]r |
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Definition
| situated above another structure, toward the head |
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Term
inferior
in-fēr′ē-[image]r |
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Definition
| situated below another structure, away from the head |
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Term
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Definition
| toward the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip |
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Term
distal
dis′tăl away from the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the distal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee |
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Definition
| away from the beginning or origin of a structure (thigh bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee |
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Definition
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| the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part |
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decubitus
dē-kyū′bi-t[image]s |
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Definition
| lying down, especially in a bed; |
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Definition
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recumbent
rē-k[image]m′b[image]nt |
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Definition
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supine
sū-p[image]n′(“on the spine”) |
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Definition
| horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back |
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Term
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Definition
| bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased |
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extension
eks-ten′sh[image]n |
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Definition
| straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased |
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Term
abduction
ab-d[image]k′sh[image]n |
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Definition
| movement away from the body |
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adduction
ă-d[image]k′sh[image]n |
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Definition
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Definition
| circular movement around an axis |
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Term
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Definition
| turning outward, i.e., of a foot |
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Term
inversion
in-v[image]r′zh[image]n |
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Definition
| turning inward, i.e., of a foot |
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Term
supination
sū′pi-nā′sh[image]n |
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Definition
| turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward |
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Term
pronation
prō-nā′sh[image]n |
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Definition
| turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward |
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Term
dorsiflexion
dōr-si-flek′sh[image]n |
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Definition
| bending of the foot or the toes upward |
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Term
plantar flexion
plan′tăr flek′sh[image]n |
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Definition
| bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground |
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Term
range of motion (ROM)
rānj of mō′sh[image]n |
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Definition
| total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements (i.e., ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees |
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Term
goniometer
gō-nē-om′[image]-t[image]r |
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Definition
| instrument used to measure joint angles |
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Definition
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Definition
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crepitation
krep-i-tā′sh[image]n |
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Definition
| grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones |
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Term
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Definition
| a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone |
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Term
hypertrophy
h[image]-p[image]r′trō-fē |
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Definition
| increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle |
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Term
hypotonia
h[image]′pō-tō′nē-ă |
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Definition
| reduced muscle tone or tension |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle |
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Definition
| uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm) |
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Definition
| tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| shaking; rhythmic muscular movement |
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Definition
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Term
arthritis
ar-thr[image]′tis
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Definition
| inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis |
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Term
osteoarthritis (OA)
os′tē-ō-ar-thr[image]′tis |
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Definition
| most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints (e.g., knee or hip), characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage |
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Term
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
rū′mă-toyd ar-thr[image]′tis |
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Definition
| most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) and causing ankylosis and deformity |
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Term
gouty arthritis
gow′tē ar-thr[image]′tis |
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Definition
| acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially the great toe), caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood) |
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Term
bony necrosis
bōn′ē n[image]-krō′sis |
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Definition
| bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture (sequestrum = something laid aside) |
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Term
bunion
b[image]n′y[image]n |
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Definition
| swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa |
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Definition
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Term
chondromalacia
kon′drō-mă-lā′shē-ă |
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Definition
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Term
epiphysitis
e-pif-i-s[image]′tis |
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Definition
| inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
closed fracture
klōsd frak′chūr |
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Definition
| broken bone with no open wound |
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Term
open fracture
ō′pen frak′chūr |
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Definition
| compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound |
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Term
simple fracture
sim′p[image]l frak′chūr |
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Definition
| nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair (e.g., hairline fracture, stress fracture, or a crack) |
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Term
complex fracture
kom′pleks frak′chūr |
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Definition
| displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair |
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Term
fracture line
frak′chūr l[image]n |
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Definition
| the line of the break in a broken bone (e.g., oblique, spiral, or transverse) |
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Term
comminuted fracture
kom′i-nyū-t[image]d frak′chūr |
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Definition
| broken in many small pieces |
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Term
greenstick fracture
grēn′stik frak′chūr |
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Definition
| bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children |
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Term
herniated disk
h[image]r′nē-ā-t[image]d disk |
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Definition
| protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root |
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Term
myeloma
m[image]-[image]-lō′mă |
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Definition
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Term
myositis
m[image]-ō-s[image]′tis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
leiomyoma
l[image]′ō-m[image]-ō′mā |
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Definition
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Term
leiomyosarcoma
l[image]′ō-m[image]′ō-sar-kō′mā |
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Definition
| malignant smooth muscle tumor |
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Term
rhabdomyoma
rab′dō-m[image]-ō′mā |
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Definition
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Term
rhabdomyosarcoma
rab′dō-m[image]′ō-sar-kō′mā |
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Definition
| malignant skeletal muscle tumor |
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Term
muscular dystrophy
m[image]s′kyū-lār dis′trō-fē |
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Definition
| a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
osteosarcoma
os′tē-ō-sar-kō′mā |
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Definition
| type of malignant bone tumor |
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Term
osteomalacia
os′tē-ō-mā-lā′shē-ā |
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Definition
| disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity |
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Term
osteomyelitis
os′tē-ō-m[image]-[image]-l[image]′tis |
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Definition
| infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation |
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Term
osteoporosis
os′tē-ō-pō-rō′sis |
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Definition
| condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily |
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Term
spinal curvatures
sp[image]′nāl ker′vā-chūrz |
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Definition
| curvatures of the spine (backbone) or spinal column (vertebral column) |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition) |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition) |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve) |
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Term
spondylolisthesis
spon′di-lō-lis-thē′sis |
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Definition
| forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra |
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Term
spondylosis
spon-di-lō′sis stiff, |
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Definition
| immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration |
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Term
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Definition
| injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture |
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Term
subluxation
s[image]b-l[image]k-sā′sh[image]n |
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Definition
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Term
tendinitis or tendonitis
ten-di-n[image]′tis or ten-d[image]-n[image]′tis
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Definition
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Term
electromyogram (EMG)
ē-lek-trō-m[image]′ō-gram |
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Definition
| a neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders (e.g., muscular dystrophy); usually performed by a neurologist |
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Term
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
mag-net′ik rez′ō-nănts im′ă-jing |
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Definition
| a nonionizing (no x-ray) imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; useful in orthopedic studies to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders |
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Term
nuclear medicine imaging
nū′klē-ăr med′i-sin im′ă-jing |
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Definition
| an ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes |
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Term
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Definition
| a nuclear scan (radionuclide image) of bone tissue to detect a tumor, malignancy |
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Term
radiography
rā′dē-og′rā-fē |
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Definition
| an imaging modality using x-rays (ionizing radiation); commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints |
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Term
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Definition
| a radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium |
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Term
computed tomography (CT)
kom-pyū′t[image]d tō-mog′rā-fē |
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Definition
| a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image |
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Term
computed axial tomography (CAT)
kom-pyū′t[image]d ak′sē-āl
tō-mog′rā-fē |
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Definition
| for an explanation of the principles of CT technology) |
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Term
sonography
s[image]-nog′rā-fē |
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Definition
| ultrasound imaging; a nonionizing technique that is useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention, such as that performed during arthroscopy |
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Term
amputation
am-pyū-tā′sh[image]n |
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Definition
| partial or complete removal of a limb (AKA = above-knee amputation; BKA = below-knee amputation) |
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Term
arthrocentesis
ar′thrō-sen-tē′sis |
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Definition
| puncture for aspiration of a joint |
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Term
arthrodesis
ăr-thrō-dē′s[image]s |
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Definition
| binding or fusing of joint surfaces |
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Term
arthroplasty
ar′thrō-plas-tē |
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Definition
| repair or reconstruction of a joint |
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Term
arthroscopy
ar-thros′k[image]-pē |
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Definition
| procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within |
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Term
bone grafting
bōn graft′ing |
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Definition
| transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
myoplasty
m[image]′ō-plas-tē |
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Definition
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Term
open reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture
in-t[image]r′năl fik-sā′sh[image]n of a ō′pen rē-duk′sh[image]n, frak′chūr |
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Definition
| internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins |
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Term
osteoplasty
os′tē-ō-plas-tē |
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Definition
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Term
osteotomy
os-tē-ot′[image]-mē |
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Definition
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Term
spondylosyndesis
spon′di-lō-sin-dē′sis |
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Definition
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Term
tenotomy
te-not′[image]-mē |
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Definition
| division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle |
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Term
closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
klōsd rē-d[image]k′sh[image]n, eks-t[image]r′năl fik-sā′sh[image]n of a frak′chūr e |
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Definition
| external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing |
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Term
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Definition
| use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing |
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Term
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Definition
| use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted more easily to accommodate swelling from an injury |
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Term
traction (Tx)
trak′sh[image]n |
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Definition
| application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing |
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Term
closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture
klōsd rē-d[image]k′sh[image]n, p[image]r-kyū-tā′nē-[image]s fik-sā′sh[image]n of a frak′chūr |
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Definition
| external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position; often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing |
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Term
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Definition
| use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or to provide limb support (e.g., back, knee, or wrist brace) |
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Term
physical therapy (PT)
fiz′i-kāl thār′ā-pē t |
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Definition
| treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury; involves many different modalities (methods), such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound |
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Term
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Definition
| an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that relieves pain |
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Term
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Definition
| a potent analgesic with addictive properties |
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Term
antiinflammatory
an′tē-in-flam′ā-tō-rē a |
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Definition
| drug that reduces inflammation |
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Term
antipyretic
an′tē-p[image]-ret′ik |
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Definition
| a drug that relieves fever |
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Term
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)
non-stēr-oy′dāl an′tē-in-flam′ā-tōr-ē dr[image]g |
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Definition
| a group of drugs with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties (e.g., ibuprofen and aspirin) commonly used to treat arthritis |
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