Term
| What bones make up the Axial skeleton |
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Definition
| Skull bones, ribcage and vertebrae |
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Term
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Definition
| Projections that form joints, they are attachment points for ligaments and tendons found in the elbow (olecranor process) |
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Term
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Definition
| Large projections on the where large muscles attach ie: hip muscle. |
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Term
| What is the function of the PARANASAL SINUSES |
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Definition
| Humidifies and warms the air, reduce weight in the brain, helps to resonate the sound of our voice |
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Term
| How many cranial bones are there |
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Definition
| 8 = frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid and ethnoid |
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Term
| How many facial bones are there |
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Definition
| 14 = mandible, maxilla (2), zygomatic (2), nasal (2), lacrimal (2), palatine (2), Internal nasal conchae (2), vomer |
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Term
| How is the vertebral column arranged |
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Definition
| Made up of vertebrae 7 = vertical, 12 = thoracic, 5 = lumbar |
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Term
| What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton |
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Definition
| Bones of the upper and lower limbs including girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton |
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Term
| Why is the clavicle bone easily broken |
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Definition
| Because it is 's' shaped, unprotected from external forces, acts as a 'strut' and is quite slender |
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Term
| What are the 3 bones of the pelvic girdle |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between a male and female pelvis |
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Definition
| Male has a narrower, heavier and larger pelvis than a woman |
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Term
| What is the function of the FIBROCARTILAGE |
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Definition
| Acts as a shock absorber and allows flexibility |
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Term
| What bones make up the sternum |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the difference between the male and femal pelvis? |
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Definition
| Female has a wider pelvic opening to allow for childbirth, flared iliac crest, rounder pelvis than a male, male pubic arch is <90 degrees and the female is >90 degrees. |
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Term
| What is the function of muscular tissue |
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Definition
| Create motion, stabilize the body positions and maintain posture, generate heat through thermogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the skeleton, generates heat is multi nucleated and is voluntary ie: walking |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the heart, pumps the blood around the body, striated, has one central nucleus and is involuntary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the GI tract, functions in peristalsis has no striations and is involuntary |
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Term
| Name the 3 types of muscle tissue |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscle (voluntary), Smooth muscle (involuntary), Cardiac muscle (involuntary) |
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Term
| What is the function of Aponeurosis (fascia) |
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Definition
| Connects muscle to muscle |
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Term
| What is the function of tendons |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of ligaments |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the skeletal muscle fiber sarcomere |
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Definition
| Is a muscle cell made up of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments |
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Term
| What is the function of calcium in muscle contraction |
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Definition
| Calcium is needed to uncover the myosin binding site so muscles can contract |
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Term
| Describe Acetylcholine (ACH) |
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Definition
| Is a neurotransmitter that is needed so muscles can contract |
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Term
| What is the function of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium |
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Term
| When do muscles form lactic acid |
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Definition
| When they don't have enough oxygen |
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Term
| Describe a prime mover (agonist) |
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Definition
| The muscle responsible for causing the desired movement ie: bicep in flexing the arm |
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Term
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Definition
| Stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Describe the Sternocleidomastoid |
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Definition
| Muscle that flexes and rotates the head also known as the 'prayer' muscle |
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Term
| Why are injections put in the gleutus medius and not the gleutus maximus |
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Definition
| To avoid the sciatic nerve because if can lead to irreverisable damage to the body such as paralysis |
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Term
| Name the muscles of the hamstring |
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Definition
| Semitendinosus, Bi-ceps femoris, Semimembranosus |
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Term
| What tendon attaches the Gastrocnemius (calf) |
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Definition
| Is attached by a tendon called the calcaneus |
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Term
| Describe the synovial joint (diarthrosis) |
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Definition
| Acheive movement at the point of contact of the articulating bones. Most common and most moveable type of joint ie: ball and socket in the should and hip joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lubricates joints, reduces friction, absorbs shock and supplies oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage. |
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Term
| Location of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACH) |
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Definition
| Lies inside the knee joint |
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Term
| Location of the Patellar Ligament |
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Definition
| Lies on the outside of the joint |
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Term
| Describe the ball and socket joint |
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Definition
| Has a ball surface of one bone which fits into a cuplike depression of another bone. Has most range of motion of any joint in the body ie: Shoulder and hip |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease in the angle of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase in the angle of movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| Movement away from the midline of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement towards the midline of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Can only be done by the neck, a continuation of extension beyond the normal extension |
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Term
| Describe opposition joint movement |
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Definition
| Motion of grasping of the thumb and fingers |
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Term
| What is the function of the skeletal system |
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Definition
| Acts as a structural framework, Attachment point for ligaments and tendons, Protects internal organs, Assists body movements, Helps in blood cell production, Stores triglycerides, Stores and releases salts of Calcium and Phosphorus. |
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Term
| What is the function of tendons |
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Definition
| Attaches bone to muscle (T-Bone) |
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Term
| What is the function of ligaments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| External layer of the bone. Provides protection and support, forms the diaphsis (shaft) of long bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lightweight, provides tissue support, forms much of the epiphysis and internal cavity of long bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Poorly vascularized connective tissue |
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Term
| What are the 3 fiber types of cartilage |
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Definition
| Hyaline cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| Outside layer of the bone, made up of irregular connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane that lines the medullary cavity. Composed of osteoclasts, osteoblasts and connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Bone building cell. They synthesize and secrete collagen fibres and other organic compounds |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Large bone breakdown cell |
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Term
| What is the location of the Diaphysis |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the location of the Epiphyses |
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Definition
| Distal and proximal ends of long bones |
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Term
| Describe the Epiphseal plate |
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Definition
| Found in babies through to adolesents. Where rapid cell division occurs so we can grow tall |
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Term
| Describe the Epiphyseal line |
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Definition
| Found in adults, when growth has stopped and cartilage has hardened to form bone |
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Term
| What are the minerals essential for growth and remodeling |
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Definition
| Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride and manganese |
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Term
| What is the importance of vitamins |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the importance of Vitamin D |
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Definition
| Makes bones strong and also promotes absorption of calcium in food |
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Term
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Definition
| Takes calcium out of the bone and back into the blood (supports osteoclasts) |
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Term
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Definition
| Takes calcium out of the blood and puts it into the bones |
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Term
| Name the 5 different blood vessels |
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Definition
| Veins, venules, arteries, arterioles and capillaries |
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Term
| What is the function of arteries |
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Definition
| To carry blood away from the heart |
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Term
| What is the function of veins |
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Definition
| To carry blood toward the heart |
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Term
| Describe blood reservoirs |
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Definition
| Reservoirs is where blood is held. Veins and venules is where most of the blood sits when the body is at rest |
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Term
| What is the difference between veins and arteries |
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Definition
| Thin walls, less smooth muscle, elastic tissue, operate at low pressure, valves to stop backflow of blood |
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Term
| What is the function of capillary beds |
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Definition
| This is the site where exchange of gases, water, wastes and hormones occur between blood and tissue |
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Term
| Describe Hydrostatic pressure |
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Definition
| Force that pushes substances or fluids ou of the vessel |
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Term
| Describe Osmotic pressure |
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Definition
| Force that attracts water to themselves, osmotic pressure are proteins and sodium choloride |
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Term
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Definition
| Excess fluids in the capillary bed |
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Term
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Definition
| Volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the veins ie: breathing creates a suction pressure that aids blood towards the heart |
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Term
| Describe the Skeletal pump |
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Definition
| The action of muscles to milk blood in 1 direction (due to valves) |
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Term
| Describe the Respiratory pump |
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Definition
| A mechanism that helps to pump blood back to the heart during respiration |
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Term
| What is the control center for the heart beat and breathing |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the pulmonary circulation |
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Definition
| Blood leaves the r/side of the heart to the lungs and returns back to the heart |
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Term
| Describe systemic circulation |
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Definition
| Blood leaves the l/side of the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart |
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Term
| What are the functions of blood |
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Definition
| Transport gases, nutrients and hormones, regulates our body PH and temperature, provides protection through its clotting mechanisms |
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Term
| How many litres of blood in the human body |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the blood composition |
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Definition
| 45% cells, 55% blood plasma |
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Term
| Name the 5 types of white blood cells |
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Definition
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Esoinophils, Basophils
(Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas) |
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Term
| Which white blood cells are also phagocytes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the function of Platelets |
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Definition
|
|
Term
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Definition
| Is an immature red blood cell |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| How are red blood cells structured to enable them to function |
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Definition
| It is a bi concave disc shape which allows the increase of the surface area and it has no nucleus making more room for haemoglobin, making it more efficient for oxygen transportation |
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Term
| Where are red blood cells produced |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the 3 mechanisms of coagulation |
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Definition
1. Vascualar spasm (vessel contracts, 2. Formation of platelet plug
3. Blood clotting (coagulation) |
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Term
| What is the function of plasmin |
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Definition
| Plasmin is the enzyme that actively dissolves clots |
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Term
| How are blood groups determined |
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Definition
| To determine what blood group you are, you have proteins on the surface known as antigens or surcace markers. These markers can be A, B, or O antigens |
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Term
| Explain the structure of the "Upper" respiratory tract |
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Definition
| Nose, pharynx and associated structures |
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Term
| Explain the structure of the "Lower" respiratory tract |
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Definition
| Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs |
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Term
| Function of the Conducting Zone |
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Definition
| Is involved with the transport of air to and from the lungs |
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Term
| Function of the Respiratory Zone |
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Definition
| Is the main site of gas exchange. |
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Term
| Structure and function of the Epiglottis |
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Definition
| Is a flap of elastic cartilage covered with a mucus membrane. Guards the entrance of the glottis to stop food from going into the lungs. |
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Term
| Explain the function of the Type II alveolar cell |
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Definition
| Secretes a substance called surfactant that prevents the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation by reducing the surface tension of water. |
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Term
| All arteries carry oxygenated blood except |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the double layered membrane that lines the lungs |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the importance of oxygen |
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Definition
| Oxygen must be present for us to live, oxygen is neded to generate ATP and it enables us to break down the food we eat |
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Term
| Explain External Respiration (pulmonary) |
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Definition
| Is gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood |
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Term
| Explain Internal Respiration |
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Definition
| Is gas exchange between systemic capillaries and the tissues of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the volume of air you can breath in and out during quiet breathing |
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Term
| How is Oxygen transported in the blood |
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Definition
| It attaches to hemoglobin, dissolves in plasma |
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Term
| How is C02 transported in the blood |
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Definition
| It attaches to hemoglobin, dissolves in plasma and transported as bicarbonate ion |
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|
Term
| Where is the inspiratory centre |
|
Definition
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