1.Long bones

2.Vertebrae

3.Flat Bones

1.RBC's

2.WBC's

3.Platelets

1. tendons

2. ligaments

3.blood vessels

The place where diaphysis and epiphysis meet is called the 1._____________.

1.Bony process

2. Sharp process

3.Narrow process

1.Joints

2. Articulation

Synarthroses

(i.e., bones in the skull)

Hinge (ginglymus) joint

Examples.

jaw

(Also moves slightly from side to side.)

knee and ankle joints

(allows rotary movement aswell)

Ball and socket joint

examples.

Hip joint

Pivot joint

Examples.

Atlas ( First cervical vertebra)

head rotating on the axis (second cervical vertebra)

1.Knee

2.Shoulder

3.Elbow

4.Hip

Ligaments

Ligaments also support internal organs and other structures.

cartilage.

Cartilage helps to also reduce friction in the joints and to distribute weight evenly

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

1.Axial Skeleton

2.Appendicular skeleton

Skull, Vertebral column, and the thoracic (rib) cage, make up the axial skeleton.

For more info check pg 174

Table 18-3 Divisions of the adult skeletal system

1.Maxillae

2.Mandible

Hyoid bone

located behind and below the mandible and directly above the larynx

Frontal, Ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary

The sinuses are named for the bones in which they lie.

2 parietal

1 occipital

1 frontal

2 temporal

1 sphenoid

1 ethmoid

8 total bones out of 28 bones of the adult skull

2 Nasal

1 Vomer

2 Inferior Turbinates (in the nostrils)

2 Lacrimal (orbitals)

2 Zygomatic

2 palate

2 maxillae

1 mandible

14 total bones out of 28 bones of the adult skull

1 pair malleus (hammer)

1 pair incus (anvil)

1 pair stapes (stirrup)

6 total bones out of 28 bones of the adult skull

3 in each ear.

1. Vertebral column

2. Spine

The spine also protects the spinal cord, wich passes from the brain down through the bony rings that make up the spinal canal (Vertebral foramina).

pg 176

Between 33-34 bones

As children go through the process of growth and development these bones fuse. The vertebral column of most adults consists of 26 bones.

Special considerations of the Vertebrae:Most people have 26 vertebrae. Individuals from certain cultural groups may have fewer---- 11% of african american women have 23 vertebrae, and 12% of alaska natives and native americans have 25.

Spine Abnormality

Abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine.

Scoliosis

It occures most commmonly during adolescence and is mroe frequently found in girls than in boys.

Spine Abnormality

"Sway back," is an exaggeration of the normal lumbar spine curve in the small of the back.

Spine Abnormality

"Widow's hump" or "Humpback," may occure in aging and is more commen in women.

Kyphosis

Kyphosis is often caused by osteoporosis

Intervertebral disks

A "slipped" disk refers to an intervertebral disk that has shifted out of position.

A "ruptured" disk occures when pressure forces some less dense tissue sideways, causing a protrusions in the walls of the disk (like a squashed grape).

Facet joint

These joints are lined with cartilage but may become misaligned. Many cases of back pain, particularly in the lower back, involve misalignment of these facet joints.

Manubrium is at the top

The body of the sternum is in the middle

The xiphoid process projects out at the bottom

upper and lower extremities (limbs) and the pelvic girdle.

The upper extremities include:

4 bones from the shoulder girdle

60 bones from the arms

The lower extremities include:

60 bones from the legs

The pelvic (hip) girdle has 2 bones

1 Calcaneus

1 Talus

1 Navicular

1 Cuboid

3 Cuneiforms

7 total bones

Body movement

blood circulation

&

heat production

Skeletal Muscles (movements of the skeleton,voluntary, heavily straited)

Smooth Muscles (involuntary motions inside body organs, nonstraited)

&

Cardiac Muscles (middle layer of the heart, propells blood through the blood vessels. Involuntary, lightly straited)

What are the primary muscles for respiration?

Osteoblasts

&

Process by which bones become hardened, due to an increase in calcified tissue.

Ossification

&

is the formation of bone by osteoblasts

Ossification progresses from the middle of the shaft outward.

Osteoclasts

This process allows bones to grow and change shape. Bones continue building up and resorbing throughout life.

The following factors affect bone growth and maintenance:

Heredity

Nutrition

Exercise

Hormones

Explain them

Heredity:genes,genetic (inherited) tendencies

Nutrition:Protein, vitamins (A,D,C), and minerals(calcium, phosphorus)

Exercise:weight bearing (provides stress to strengthen bones)

Hormones: affect rate of bone growth, calcium metabolism, energy production, and overall maintenance

Muscles need energy to move. The body uses stored glucose for fuel.

The body also breaks down fatty acids for fuel. This fuel is called?

When the body is cold , we shiver.

When the body needs to produce a great amount of heat in an emergency, the body produces the more violent action of _____________.

Total Body Chilling

Pg 183, Power Source, end of the first paragraph

_________contractions do not increase the length of a muscle but do increase muscle tension.

Forexample, if you push against an unmovable object or tense the muscles in your upper arm, your muscle tighten.

Isometric contractions

Bedridden clights are encouraged to do isometric exercises, even if they cannot be out of bed

_________ contractions shorten and thicken the muscle, causing movement.

Examples of exercises include swimming, jogglinh or bicycling

Isotonic contractions

A person in bed also can move the extremities and move about in bed to exercise the muscles

Gait

In middle ear:

malleus, incus, and stapes

support body

give shape

protect vital organs

Red

Yellow

• Tough fibrous tissue with vast blood supply
• Allows for attachment of ligaments and tendons
• Provides nutrients for the bone

7 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

1 sacral

1 coccyx

Ilium

Ischium

Pubis