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| 5 functions of the muscular system: |
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-produce movement
-maintain posture and boyd position
-support soft tissue
-guard entrances exits
-maintain body temp |
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| skeletal muscle consists of 4 components: |
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-connective tissues
-blood vessels
-nerves
-muscle tissues |
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| difference between a muscle cell and a muscle fiber |
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| there are ______ layers of connective tissue. These layers come together at the end of the muscle to form a _________. This attaches to the ____________ of the bone. |
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| deliver oxygen and nutrients to help produciton of ATP |
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| Amount and location of the nerve muscles |
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| What are muscle cells like? |
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| enourmous lengthwise, multinucleate, protein synthesis happens in nublei |
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| form passageways through musscle fiber, coordinate contractions of muscle fiber due to chemicals flowing freely |
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| What are actin and myosin? |
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Actin- protein found in thin filaments
Myosin- protein found in thick filament
Both make up myofilaments |
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| high concentrations of calcium ions |
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| smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber, Z line to Z line |
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| Boundaries of each sarcomere, were actin overlaps |
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| Middle of thick filaments |
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| Beginning to end of thick filament |
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| Beginning to end of thin filament |
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| protection for active sites on actin molecules |
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| calcium binds to and then opens up active site |
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| Muscle contraction at molecular level? |
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| When calcium connects to troponin the tropomyosin is moved away from active sites. Myosin then binds to actin and then there is a contraction |
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| Know where Cisternae (aka sarcoplasmic reticulum), t-tubules, sarcomere, I band, thin filament, A band, thick filament, crossbridges, and M line of diagram |
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| Describe muscle contraction on submicroscopic level |
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| Cross bridges on the thick filaments attatch to the thin filaments. This then contracts pulling the thin filaments towards the M line. The Z line moves closer to the A band making the I band smaller while the A band stays the same |
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| Neuromuscular junction? Where does it occur? |
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| ve meets muslce, lots of them, communication between the nervous system and skeletal muscle fiber |
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| extended ending of each branch |
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| Any chemical released by neurons for communication purposes is called a ___________, the one used at neuromuscular joints is _________. |
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| neurotransmitter, acetylcholine |
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| The end part of the nerve is the ______________, the acetylcholine travels across a space called the ____________ to the membrane of the muscle called the __________________. |
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| synaptic terminal, synoptic cleft, morot endplate |
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| An electrical impulse from the neuron is called an _____________. |
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| ions going across cell membrane until it reaches the end of the nerve |
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| Steps of controlling a muscular contraction |
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1)release of acetylcholine; synaptic terminal releases contents into the synaptic cleft due to action potential
2)ACh binds at motor end plate; induces an action potential in the sarcolemma
3)Action potential travels down the transverse tubules, triggering the release of calcium, AChe removes the acetylcholine(which is recycled) from the synaptic cleft
4)Calcium binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin which opens up the active sites |
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| Contraction cycle continues until: |
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| calcium ion concentrations return to normal resting levels |
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| Science behind rigor mortis |
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| skeletal muscles run out of ATP and without ATP crossbridges cannot detatch form active sites, decomposition breaks it down so it doesn't remain |
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| muscle cells contract and pull, crossbridges pull toward center |
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| passive force that opposes movement EX: weightlifting equipment |
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| push applied to an object |
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| amount of tension produced by and individual muscle fiber depends on: |
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| the number of pivoting crossbridges |
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| amount of tension produced by a whole muscle depends on: |
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-frequency of stimulation
-number of muscle fibers activated |
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| All-or-none? What does it apply to? |
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| the muscle fiber is either producing tension or is relaxed, not inbetween, applies to muscle fiber only |
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| Aerobic metabolism requires _________ and occurs in the _________. |
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| Clycolysis is _____________ and occurs in the __________. |
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| When at rest the mitochondria suppies _________. |
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| most the ATP the muscles need |
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| when contracting they can provide only ________ of the needed ATP. |
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| If anaerobic glycolysis provides only ______ ATP, compared to _______ ATP made through aerobic metablism. |
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| Why do cells go through anaerobic glycolysis? |
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| Where does lactic acid come from and why is it bad? |
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| Pyravic acid is converted to lactic acid because the glycolysis produces acid faster than it can be used by the mitochondria, lactic acid lowers pH and alters the normal funcioning of key enzymes that control chemical reactions, muscle fivers cannot continue to contractq |
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| Muscle fatigue for a sprinter |
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| ATP is provided by glycolysis, rising lactic acid levels lower tissue pH and muscle cannot function normally |
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| Muscle fatigue for marathon runner |
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| maintain aerobic conditions, won't occur until glycogen and other reserves are depleted |
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| Why does a person continue to breath heavily after exercising? |
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| recovery period- focuses on removal of lactic acid to supply enough oxygen to supply the oxygen debt- preexercion levels of ATP get everything back to regular levels |
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-contract in .01 seconds or less following stimulation
-larger in diameter
-more powerful contractions
-activity is primarily supported by glocolysis and fatigue fast
-anaerobic
EX: white meat, wings and breast of bird |
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-1/2 diameter
-3x longer to contract
-can continue contraction for a longer period of time
-more oxygen supply and storage
-larger amount of mitochondria
-aerobic
EX: dark meat, legs |
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| Slow and fast twitch in humans? |
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| humans have mixed muscles, no definite set muscles- naturally fast twitch(good fast runner) is something you are born with |
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-striped in appearance
-fatigues
-hundreds of nuclei
-muscles on bones
-contracts and movement
-voluntary
-controlled by brain nerves |
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-Zebra like with dark spots
-doesn't fatigue
-inter calleted disks
-heart muscle
-contracts
-involuntary
-controlled by brain nerves |
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-Zebra and smooth
-Z lines, M lines, etc, are all mixed
-not in sarcomeres
-1 nucleous
-surrounding organs, lining
-protection
-controlled by brain nerves but doesn't have to, reacts to surroundings as well
-involuntary |
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| where the muscle begins- remains stationary |
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| muscle ends at here- moves |
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| contracts to produce a specific one of these |
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| muscle whose contractions are chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement EX: biceps brachii |
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| muscles whose actions oppose the movement produced by another muscle- may also be a prime mover EX: triceps to biceps |
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| muscle that helps the prime mover work efficiently- may provide additional pull near the insertion or stabilize the point of origin EX: gastrocnemus and soleus |
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| preventing movement of another joint, stabilize the origin of a prime mover by preventing movement at another joint |
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| The bundle of collagen fibers at the end of a skeletal muscle that attaches muscle to bone is called a |
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| The command to contract is distrubuted throughout a muscle fiber by the |
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| The thin filaments of a sarcomere consist of |
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| the thick filaments of a sarcomere consist of |
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| Thin filaments at either end of the sarcomere are attached to interconnecting filaments that make up the |
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| The region of the sarcomere containing the thick filaments is the |
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| the cross-bridges are a part of the ______ molecules |
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| Active sites on the actin become available for binding when |
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| calcium binds to troponin |
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| In response to action potentials arriving from the transverse tubules, calcium ions are released from the |
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| sarcoplasmic reticulum/cisternae |
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| The neurotransmitter released from the synaptic vesicles which intiates an action potential in the sarcolemma is |
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| Mitochondrial activities are relatively efficient, but their rate of ATP generation is limited by the |
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| When muscles are actively contracting, the process requires large amounts of energy in the form of |
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| When energy reserves in a muscle are exhausted or lactic acid levels increase |
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| When at rest the mitochondria suppies _________. |
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| most the ATP the muscles need |
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| when contracting they can provide only ________ of the needed ATP. |
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Definition
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| If anaerobic glycolysis provides only ______ ATP, compared to _______ ATP made through aerobic metablism. |
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Definition
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| Why do cells go through anaerobic glycolysis? |
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Definition
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| Where does lactic acid come from and why is it bad? |
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Definition
| Pyravic acid is converted to lactic acid because the glycolysis produces acid faster than it can be used by the mitochondria, lactic acid lowers pH and alters the normal funcioning of key enzymes that control chemical reactions, muscle fivers cannot continue to contractq |
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| Muscle fatigue for a sprinter |
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| ATP is provided by glycolysis, rising lactic acid levels lower tissue pH and muscle cannot function normally |
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| Muscle fatigue for marathon runner |
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Definition
| maintain aerobic conditions, won't occur until glycogen and other reserves are depleted |
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| Why does a person continue to breath heavily after exercising? |
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| recovery period- focuses on removal of lactic acid to supply enough oxygen to supply the oxygen debt- preexercion levels of ATP get everything back to regular levels |
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-contract in .01 seconds or less following stimulation
-larger in diameter
-more powerful contractions
-activity is primarily supported by glocolysis and fatigue fast
-anaerobic
EX: white meat, wings and breast of bird |
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Term
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Definition
-1/2 diameter
-3x longer to contract
-can continue contraction for a longer period of time
-more oxygen supply and storage
-larger amount of mitochondria
-aerobic
EX: dark meat, legs |
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| Slow and fast twitch in humans? |
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Definition
| humans have mixed muscles, no definite set muscles- naturally fast twitch(good fast runner) is something you are born with |
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Term
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Definition
-striped in appearance
-fatigues
-hundreds of nuclei
-muscles on bones
-contracts and movement
-voluntary
-controlled by brain nerves |
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Definition
-Zebra like with dark spots
-doesn't fatigue
-inter calleted disks
-heart muscle
-contracts
-involuntary
-controlled by brain nerves |
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Term
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Definition
-Zebra and smooth
-Z lines, M lines, etc, are all mixed
-not in sarcomeres
-1 nucleous
-surrounding organs, lining
-protection
-controlled by brain nerves but doesn't have to, reacts to surroundings as well |
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| a resting muscle generates most of its ATP by |
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| The type of muscle fibers that produce powerful contractions but fatigue rapidly are |
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| The type of muscle fiber that is best adapted for endurance is the |
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| Extensive blood vessels, mitochondria, and myoglobin are found in the greates concentration in |
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| The amount of oxygen used in the recovery period to restore normal preexertion conditions is referred to as the |
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| An example of an activity that requires anaerobic endurance is |
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| The quadriceps are a group of anterior thigh muscles which include the |
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| rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius |
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| The hamstrings are a group of posteriour thigh muscles which include the |
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| semitendenosus, biceps femoris, semimembranosus |
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| 7-4 and 7-5 Full body muscles |
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| The gracilis will _______ the leg |
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| a unit of muscle that is made of actin and myosin |
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| The rectus femoris will _______ the lower leg |
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| a major lower back muscle |
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| the deltoid will ________ the arm |
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| Thick filaments that have cross bridges |
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| These connect muscle to bone |
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| Gastrocnemius, soleus, ahille's tendon, tibialis anterior |
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| Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus,Sartorius, Gracilis, adductor longus |
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| Rectus Femoris, Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius |
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| Tibialis anterior function |
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| Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus function |
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| Hip extension, knee flexion |
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| Flex knee,lateral rotation of hip (doornob like) |
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| pull leg forward-hip flexion, knee extension |
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| Latissimus Dorsi function |
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| Shoulder extension-adduction |
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| does lots, multpile actions depending on which parts are contracting |
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| lateral flexion, for purpose of multiple movements |
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| brachialis and biceps brachii function |
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| flex elbow and inserts on scapula |
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| Pectoralis Major Function |
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| flexion with shoulder and adduction |
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| protraction, and depression of the shoulder |
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| Sternocleidomastoid function |
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| attaches at masoid process, rotation, lateral flexion, head shake "no" side to side |
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| depresses mandible, attaches at mandible |
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