Term
|
Definition
Origin: Manubrium of sternum, medial one-third of clavicle
Insertion: Mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line
Action: Unilateral action tilts head slightly upward and toward the opposite side, as in looking over one's contralateral shoulder. The most common action is probably rotating the head to the left and right. Bilateral action draws the head straight forward and down, as when eating or reading. Aids in deep breathing when head is fixed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: External occipital protuberance, medial one-third of superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T3 or T4
Insertion: Acromion and spine of scapula, lateral one-third of clavicle
Action: Extends and laterally flexes head. |
|
|
Term
| Internal intercostal muscles |
|
Definition
Origin: Superior margins and costal carilages of ribs 2-12; margin of sternum
Insertion: Inferior margin of next higher rib
Action: When quadratus lumborum and other muscles fix rib 12, internal intercostals depress and retract ribs; this compresses the thoracic cavity and expels air. Used only in forceful expiration, not in relaxed breathing. |
|
|
Term
| External intercostal muscles |
|
Definition
Origin: Inferior margins of ribs 1-11
Insertion: Superior margin of lower rib
Action: When scalens fix rib 1, external intercostals elevate and protract ribs 2-12; this expands the thoracic cavity and creates a partial vacuum, causing inflow of air. Excercise a braking action during expiration so that expiration is not overly abrupt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Xiphoid process of sternum; ribs and costal cartilages 7-12; lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Central tendon of diaphragm
Action: Prime mover of inspiration (responsible for about two-thirds of air intake); contracts in preparation for sneezing, coughing, crying, laughing, and weight lifting; contraction compresses abdominal viscera and aids in childbirth and expulsion of urine and feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Connects right and left rectus abdominus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ribs 5-12
Insertion: Anterior half of iliac crest, pubic symphysis, and superior pargin of pubis
Action: Supports abdominal viscera against pull of gravity; stabilizes vertebral column during heavy lifting; maintains posture; compresses abdominal organs, thus aiding in forceful expiration; aids in childbirth, urination, defecation, and vomiting. Unilateral contraction causes contralateral rotation of waist. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion: Ribs 10-12, costal cartilages 7-10, pubis
Action: Same as external oblique except that unilateral contraction causes ipsilateral rotation of waist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Pubic symphysis and superior margin of pubis
Insertion: Xiphoid process, costal cartilages 5-7
Action: Flex lumbar region of vertebral column, producing forward bending at the waist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, costal cartilages 7-12
Insertion: Linea alba, pubis, aponeurosis of internal oblique
Action: Compresses abdominal contents, with same effects as external oblique, but does not contribute to movements of vertebral column |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Inner surface of lesser pelvis from pubis through tendinous arch of obturator internus to spine of ischium
Insertion: Coccyx via anococcygeal body; walls of urethra, vagina, and anal canal
Action: Compresses anal canal and reinforces external anal and urethral sphincters; supports uterus and other pelvic viscera; aids in the falling away of the feces; vertical movements affect pressure differences between abdominal and thoracic cavities and thus aid in breathing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Perineal body and median raphe
Insertion: Male-Enseaths root of penis/Female-Pubic symphysis
Action: Expels remaining urine from urethra after bladder has emptied. Aids in erection of penis or clitoris. In males, spasmodic contractions expel semen during ejaculation. In females, contractions constrict vaginal orifice and expel secretions of greater vestibular glands. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ramus and tuberosity of ischium
Insertion: Ensheaths deep structures of penis or clitoris
Action: Maintains erection of the penis or clitoris by compressing deep structures of the organ and forcing blood forward into its body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Inferior half of nuchal ligament, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T6
Insertion: Mastoid process and occipital bone just inferior to superior nuchal line; cervical vertebrae C1-C2 or C3
Action: Acting unilaterally, produce ipsilateral flexion and slight rotation of head; extend head when acting bilaterally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament
Insertion: Rib 12 and vertebrae L1-L4
Action: Aids respiration by fixing rib 12 and stabilizing inferior attachments of diaphragm. Unilateral contraction causes ipsilateral flexion of lumbar vertebral column; bilateral contraction extends lumbar vertebral column. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin:
Insertion:
Action: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Medial half of clavicle, costal cartilages 1-7, aponeurosis of external oblique
Insertion: Lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Action: Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates humerus, as in climbing or hugging. Aids in deep inspiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin:
Insertion:
Action: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Long head-superior margin of glenoid cavity/Short head-coracoid process
Insertion: Tuberosity of radius, fascia of forearm
Action: Rapid or forceful supination of forearm; synergist in elbow flexion; slight shoulder flexion; tendon of long head stabilizes shoulder by holding humeral head against glenoid cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Anterior surface of distal half of humerus
Insertion: Coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna
Action: Primer mover of elbow flexion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of vertebrae T2-T5
Insertion: Medial border of scapula
Action: Retracts scapula and braces shoulder; fixes scapula during arm movements |
|
|
Term
| Spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T1, nuchal ligament |
|
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T1, nuchal ligament
Insertion: Medial border of scapula
Action: Retracts scapula and braces shoulder; fixes scapula during arm movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Acromion and spine of scapula; clavicle
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Action: Anterior fibers flex and medially rotate arm; lateral fibers abduct arm; posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate arm. Involved in arm swinging during such actions as walking or bowling and in adjustment of hand height for various manual tasks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Inferior angle of scapula
Insertion: Medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Action: Extends and medially rotates humerus; contributes to arm swinging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Lateral border and adjacent posterior surface of scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus; posterior surface of joint capsule
Action: Modulates action of deltoid, preventing humeral head from sliding upward as arm is abducted; rotates humerus laterally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
Action: Aids deltoid in abduction of arm; resists downward slippage of humeral head when arm is relaxed or when carrying weight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ifraspinous fossa of scapula
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus
Action: Modulates action of deltoid, preventing humeral head from sliding upward; rotates humerus laterally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Coracoid process
Insertion: Medial aspect of humeral shaft
Action: Flexes and medially rotates arm; resists deviation of arm from frontal plane during abduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus, anterior surface of joint capsule
Action: Modulates action of deltoid, preventing humeral head from sliding upward as arm is abducted; rotates humerus medially |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Vertebrae T7-L5, lower three or four ribs, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
Insertion: Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Action: Adducts and medially rotates humerus; extends the shoulder joint as in pulling on the oars of a rowboat; produces backward swing of arm in such actions as walking and bowling. With hands grasping overhead objects, pulls body forward and upward, as in climbing. Aids in deep inspiration, sudden expiration such as sneezing and coughing, and prolonged forceful expiration as in singing or blowing a sustained note on a wind instrument. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Long head - inferior margin of glenoid cavity and joint capsule/Lateral head - posterior surface of proximal end of humerus/Medial head - posterior surface of entire humeral shaft
Insertion: Olecranon, fascia of forearm
Action: Extends elbow; long head extends and adducts humerus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
Insertion: Lateral surface of radius near styloid process
Action: Flexes elbow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Humeral shaft near medial epicondyle; coronoid process of ulna
Insertion: Lateral surface of radial shaft
Action: Assists pronator quadratus in pronation, but only in rapid or forceful action; weakly flexes elbow |
|
|
Term
| Extensor carpi radialis longus |
|
Definition
Origin: Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
Insertion: Base of metacarpal II
Action: Extends wrist; aids in radial flexion of wrist |
|
|
Term
| Extensor carpi radialis brevis |
|
Definition
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Base of metacarpal III
Action: Extends wrist; aids in radial flexion of wrist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus; posterior surface of ulnar shaft
Insertion: Base of metacarpal V
Action: Extends and fixes wrist when fist is clenched or hand grips an object; aids in ulnar flexion of wrist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Base of metacarpals II-III
Action: Flexes wrist; aids in radial flexion of wrist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus; medial margin of olecranon; posterior surface of ulna
Insertion: Pisiform, hamate, metacarpal V
Action: Flexes wrist; aids in ulnar flexion of wrist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin:
Insertion:
Action: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Radius, interosseous membrane
Insertion: Distal phalanx I
Action: Flexes phalanges of thumb |
|
|
Term
| Extensor digitorum communis |
|
Definition
Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus
Insertion: Dorsal surfaces of phalanges II-V
Action: Extends wrist and metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of digits II-V; tends to spread digits apart when extending |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin:
Insertion:
Action: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin:
Insertion:
Action: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin:
Insertion:
Action: Flexes thigh at hip when trunk is fixed; flexes trunk at hip when thigh is fixed, as in bending forward in a chair or sitting up in bed; balances trunk during sitting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Bodies and intervertebral discs of vertebrae T12-L5, transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Lesser trochanter and nearby shaft of femur
Action: Flexes thigh at hip when trunk is fixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Iliac crest and fossa, superolateral region of sacrum, anterior sacroiliac and iliolumbar ligaments
Insertion: Lesser trochanter and nearby shaft of femur
Action: Flexes thigh at hip when trunk is fixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Posterior gluteal line of ilium, on posterolateral surface from iliac crest to posterior superior spine; coccyx; dorsal surface of lower sacrum; aponeurosis of erector spinae
Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur; lateral condyle of tibia via iliotibial band
Action: Extends thigh at hip as in stair climbing (rising to next step) running and walking (backswing of limb); abducts thigh; elevates trunk after stooping; prevents trunk from pitching forward during walking and running; helps stabilize femur on tibia |
|
|
Term
| Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus |
|
Definition
Origin: Most of lateral surface of ilium between crest and acetabulum
Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
Action: Abduct and medially rotate thigh; during walking, shift weight of trunk toward limb with foot on the ground as other foot is lifted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Body and inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion: Linea aspera of femur
Action: Adducts and medially rotates thigh; flexes thigh at hip |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Iliac crest, anterior superior spine, deep surface of fascia lata
Insertion: Lateral condyle of tibia via iliotibial band
Action: Extends knee, laterally rotates tibia, aids in abduction and medial rotation of femur; during standing, steadies pelvis on femoral head and steadies femoral condyles on tibia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Body and inferior ramus of pubis; ramus of ischium
Insertion: Medial surface of tibia just below condyle
Action: Flexes and medially rotates tibia at knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: On and near anterior superior spine of ilium
Insertion: Medial surface of proximal end of tibia
Action: Aids in knee and hip flexion, as in sitting or climbing; abducts and laterally rotates thigh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ilium at anterior inferior spine and superior margin of acetaulum; capsule of hip joint
Insertion: Patella, tibial tuberosity, lateral and medial condyles of tibia
Action: Extends knee; flexes thigh at hip; flexes trunk on hip if thigh is fixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Femur at greater trochanter and intertrochanteric line, gluteal tuberosity, and linea aspera
Insertion: Patella, tibial tuberosity, lateral and medial condyles of tibia
Action: Extends knee; retains patella in groove on femur during knee movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Anterior and lateral surfaces of femoral shaft
Insertion: Patella, tibial tuberosity, lateral and medial condyles of tibia
Action: Extends knee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Femur at intertrochanteric line, spiral line, linea aspera, and medial supracondylar line
Insertion: Patella, tibial tuberosity, lateral and medial condyles of tibia
Action: Extends knee; retains patella in groove on femur during knee movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial surface of upper tibia
Action: Flexes knee; medially rotates tibia on femur when knee is flexed; medially rotates femur when hip is extended; counteracts forward bending at hips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Medial condyle and nearby margin of tibia; intercondylar line and lateral condyle of femur; ligament of popliteal region
Action: Flexes knee; medially rotates tibia on femur when knee is flexed; medially rotates femur when hip is extended; counteracts forward bending at hips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Long head - ischial tuberosity/Short head - linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
Insertion: Dead of fibula
Action: Flexes knee; extends hip; elevates trunk from stooping posture; laterally rotates tibia on femur when knee is flexed; laterally rotates femur when hip is extended; counteracts forward bending at hips |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tendon that links the gluteus maximus to the femur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Lateral condyle and lateral margin of proximal half of tibia; interosseous membrane
Insertion: Medial cuneiform, metatarsal I
Action: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot; resists backward tipping of body (as when standing on a moving boat deck); helps support medial longitudinal arch of foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Medial surface of lower one-third of fibula, interosseous membrane
Insertion: Metatarsal V
Action: Dorsiflexes and everts foot during walking, helps toes clear the ground during forward swing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Condyles and popliteal surface of femur, lateral supracondylar line, capsule of knee joint
Insertion: Clacaneus
Action: Plantar flexes foot, flexes knee; active in walking, running, and jumping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Posterior surface of head and proximal one-fourth of fibula; middle one-third of tibia; interosseous membrane
Insertion: Calcaneus
Action: Plantar flexes foot; steadies leg on ankle during standing |
|
|
Term
| Extensor digitorum longus |
|
Definition
Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia, shaft of fibula, interosseous membrane
Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges II-V
Action: Extends toes II-V, dorsiflexes foot, tautens plant aponeurosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Anterior surface of middle of fibula, interosseous membrane
Insertion: Distal phalanx I
Action: Extends great toe, dorsiflexes foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
