movement of the scalp, forehead skin, and eyebrows

divided into two muscles that are connected to each other by the galea aproneurotica

Levator Labii Superior

Zygomatic Minor

Zygomatic Major

Risorius

Levator Anguli Oris

pulls upper lip up and back

these two muscles pull lip down

O: corner of mouth

pair of small muscles that inserts into the skin and wrinkles the chin

dimple on the chin is formed by enlarged muscle

cheek muscle

sucking, chewing, blowing for nursing, mastication, and sound production

change the position of the tongue in relationship to the buccal cavity

genioglossus, hypoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus

temporalis

masseter

medial and lateral pterygoids

O: pterygoid process of the sphenoid

I: medial surface of the mandible

eight pairs of muscles help the actions of chewing and swallowing; four are above and four are below

innervated by the 1st through 3rd cervical nerves

elevates the thyroid cartilage that lifts the epiglottis which prevents choking

O: hyoid

I: thyroid cartilage of the larynx

Genioglossus

Hypoglossus

Styloglossus

Palatoglossus

Temporalis

Masseter

Medial/Lateral Pterygoid

Suprahyoid group

Infrahyoid group

Pharyngeal constrictors

Thyrohyoid

Sternothyroid

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenes

O: vertebral column, thoracic cage, and pectoral girdle

I: cranium

prime mover of the head

O: sternum and clavicle

I: mastoid processes of the skull

three muscles on each side of the neck

comes out and behind the trapezius in an oblique angle and help us to turn our head from side to side

Trapezius

Splenius Capitis

Semispinalis Capitis

muscle deep to the trapezius in the neck

O: vertebrae

I: ear

muscle deep to splenius capitis

O: vertebrae

I: occiptal

muscular dome whose primary function is for respiration

division of the trunk into thoracic and abdominal cavities

has openings for the esophagus, aorta, and IVC

11 pairs of superficial muscles of thoracic cavity

lift and expand ribcage

11 pairs of deep muscles of the thoracic cage

used in forced exhalation

Diaphragm flattens

Scalenes fix 1st rib

External Intercostals lift and expand ribcage

*inspiration*

Diaphragm and External Intercostals relaxes

*lungs exhale*

prime mover for moving the spine

important for posture and bending at the waist

deep group of back muscles that connects the vertebrae to each other

iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis, 2 serratus posterior

hold and move the head, stabilize/extend/rotate/abduct vertebral column

major deep muscles of the head, neck, and upper back

3 parts: capitis, cervicis, thoracis

Rectus Abdominis

External Abdominal Oblique (superficial)

Internal Abdominal Oblique (deeper)

Transverse Abdominal (deepest and horizontal)

attached by aponeurosis

inferior margin of the trunk and forms a strong, cord-like structure between the anterior spine of the ilium and the pubis

also forms the superior margin of the femoral triangle

Inguinal Ligament

Adductor Longus

Sartorius

formed by 3 layers of muscles and fasciae that span the pelvic outlet and support the interal organs of the abdominal cavity

demarcated by the pubic symphysis, ischial tuberosities, and coccyx; divided into urogenital triangle and anal triangle

important landmarks in obstetrics

Urogenital and pelvic diaphragms

floor of the abdominal cavity and is the deepest layer of muscles from an inferior view

has two or three openings

urethra, anus, and vagina

levator ani, coccygeus, piriformis

anchor for the shoulder; loosely attached to the ribcage; when it is doing work/under stress the muscles around it tense/contract and hold it in place

considerable range of motion (rotation, elevation, depression, protraction, retraction)

deep muscle of pectoral girdle

O: upper ribcage

I: coracoid process

deep muscle of the pectoral girdle

O: upper ribcage

I: medial border of scapula

major superficial and posterior muscle group of pectoral girdle

O: spines of the vertebral column

I: clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

deep muscle of posterior group of pectoral girdle

O: transverse processes of C1-C4

I: superior angle to medial border of scapula

deep muscle of posterior pectoral girdle

O: spines of vertebral column

I: medial border of scapula

major axial muscle of shoulder

robust muscle that pulls shoulders and arms in

O: clavicle, sternum, upper costal cartilages

I: lateral lip of intertubercular groove of humerus

major axial muscle of the shoulder

broad back muscle that extends from the waist to the armpit

prime mover of the shoulder

thick muscle that caps the shoulder

O: clavicle, scapular spine, acromion

four tendons merge with the joint capsule and stabilize movement of the head of the humerus

holds the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa

Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscapularis

prime mover of the ulna

long head holds humerus into glenoid cavity
short/long head originates from scapula

together they form tendon that extends distad and inserts onto the radial tuberosity

elevates the radius; synergistic

deeper than the biceps brachii

O: anteriolateral surface of the humerus

synergistic muscle (along with brachialis) whose belly is entirely over the anterior surface of the forearm

thick, fleshy muscle mass on the lateral surface of the antebrachium

O: distal end of humerus

I: distal end of radius

prime mover of elbow extension

long head - O: surface below glenoid cavity

lateral head - O: proximal surface of humerus

medial head - O: posterior surface of humerus

Pronator Teres near elbow

Pronator Quadratus near wrist

Biceps Brachii

Supinator (Posterior)

form the fleshy mass of the antebrachium and extend distad by tendons to the hand

example: flexor/extensor retinaculum

at the wrist on the anterior surface of the forearm, tendons pass under a transverse carpal ligament

helps flex the wrist

at the wrist on the posterior surface of the forearm, tendons pass under a transverse carpal ligament

helps extend the wrist

two muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm

flexors of the wrist

O:  distal humerus

muscles of the posterior compartment originate on the distal humerus and forearm

extensors of the wrist and hand

make up the fleshy mass of the palm and thumb

divided into 3 groups: thenar, hypothenar, midpalmar

occur when viscera protrude through the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity where it may be weak

most common type: inguinal through muscles of groin

heavy lifting can build up pressure within the ab cavity and cause the intestine or bladder to be forced through the wall of the groin

iliacus and psoas major (two major muscles of anterior thigh) form common tendon

O: os coxae

I: lesser trochanter of femur

muscle lateral to the hips

braces the knee during locomotion

forms iliotibial band (with help)

largest and most robust muscle of the hip (posterior); forms mass of the buttocks

generates the strength to walk up stairs and the drive when running

O: ilium and sacrum

I: gluteal tuberosity of femur

two of the posterior hip muscles

O: ilium

I: femur (greater trochanter)

pelvic region muscle deeper than gluteus maximus

rotate the femur laterally; abduct and adduct femur laterally--help transfer weight, stabilize, and maintain balance when walking and running

example: when crossing legs

ensheaths the thigh; securely encircles and bines together the thigh musculature

joins tendon of tensor fasciae latae and gluteus maximus to form iliotibial band

divides thigh into 3 compartments

-anterior/medial: help lift leg, extend knee (adduction)

-posterior: extension of hip, flexors of knee

laterally joints tendon of tensor fasciae latae and gluteus maximus to form this band

extends from iliac crest to tibia

adductor longus

adductor brevis

adductor magnus

gracilis

pectineus

prime mover of the knee (for extension)

four heads: rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius

make up anterior mass of the thigh

allow us to extend the knee when walking and/or kicking a ball

longest muscle in the body; crosses the quadriceps

aka "tailor's muscle"

O: lateral side of the hip

I: medial side of knee

posterior muscle compartment of the hip

biceps femoris, semimembranous, semitendinous

injury occurs frequently in sports from not being loss (muscles warmed-up) and from fatigue

gastrocnemius and soleus together referred as this

joins to form the calcaneal tendon

strongest tendon in the body

frequently injured in sports; among joggers

I: calcaneus

O: distal femur

I: medially on calcaneus by separate tendon

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Tibialis Posterior

flexes the toe

O: mid-shaft of tibia

I: toes 2-5

flexes the big toe

O: tibia

I: big toe

O: proximal tibia, fibula, and their interosseous membrane

I: ankle and metatarsals 2-5

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Fibularis Tertius (Peroneus)

Tibialis Anterior

tendons held close to ankle by two extensor retinacula

helps to unlock the knee joint to be flexed

O: distal femur (lateral condyle)

I: proximal end of the tibia

Fibularis Brevis

Fibularis Longus

help us to push out on our toes when walking, running, and jumping

muscle on dorsal side of the foot

intrinsic muscle of the foot

help to form and support an arch in locomotion

three layers of muscles of the foot

all insert on the first digit and help to move the big toe

several of the foot muscles originate on this broad sheath that diverges from the calcaneum and extends to the base of the toes

covers the sole of the foot

flexor digitorum brevis

abductor hallucis

abductor digiti minimi

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

Adductor Hallucis

Flexor Hallucis Brevis