Thicker hairs

generally protrude beyond neighboring guard hairs

on face, upper lip, and about the eyes

reach deep into subcutis and some superficial muscles

characterized by a venous sinus filled with blood b/w the inner and outer dermal sheath

mammary glands 

in areolar CT not fused to body wall

on palmar side of the metacarpopharangeal joints 

triangular

ovoid

flattened

palmar to distal interphalangeal

thin sheet of muscle covering most of dorsal, lateral, and ventral walls of thorax and abdomen

no direct bony attachment

attachments are superficial fascia of trunk and skin

innervated by lateral thoracic nerve

origin: 1st two sternebrae and fibrous raphe btwn adjacent muscles

insertion:Crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus

action: Adduct limb 

origin: 1st sternebra or manubrium

insertion: Mastoid part of the temporal b. and nuchal crest of the occipital b.

action: Draw the head & neck to side

Sternothyroideus m.

(fused with 

sternohyoideus m.)

origin: 1st costal cartilage

insertion: Caudolateral surface of thyroid cartilage

action: Same as the sternohyoideus—to draw the larynx and tongue caudally 

origin: Ventral sternum, fibrous raphe btwn muscles, and deep fascia at xiphoid cartilage

insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus, aponeurosis to greater tubercle and its 

crest, and medial brachial fascia

action: Adduct limb, extend shoulder when limb is advanced, flex shoulder and draw limb caudally when non-wt. bearing

origin: Distal 3rd of humerus Clavicular disk (fibrous plate that is vestigial clavicle over shoulder)

insertion:  midline of dorsal neck,mastoid process of skull

action: Advance limb, extend shoulder joint, draw head to side

origin: Distal spine of the scapula

insertion: Transverse wing of atlas

action: Advance limb, flex neck laterally

Superficial cervical lymph 

node

Deep to omotransversarius m. 

origin: Median raphe of neck and 

supraspinous ligament

insertion: Spine of scapula

action: Elevate and abduct TL

origin: Nuchal crest, median raphe of neck, spinous processes of T1-7

insertion: Dorsal border of scapula

action: elevate TL

origin: Spinous processes of lumbar and last 7 thoracic vertebrae

insertion: Teres major tuberosity of 

humerus

action: Flex shoulder joint, digging action

origin: Transverse processes of last 5 cervical vert

insertion: Dorsomedial 3rd of scapula 

action: Continuous large fan-shaped muscle – support trunk, depress scapula 

origin: Spine and acromion of scapula

insertion: Deltoid tuberosity

action: Flex shoulder joint

origin: Infraspinous fossa 

insertion: Lateral side of greater tubercle of humerus

action: Lateral shoulder joint stabilizer, abduct shoulder joint, rotate laterally

origin: Supraspinous fossa

insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

action: lateral joint stabilizer; extend shoulder

origin: subscapular fossa

insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus

action: medial stabilizer of shoulder

origin: Caudal angle and border of scapula, caudal surface of subscapularis

insertion: Teres major tuberosity of 

humerus

origin: 4 heads: long head=caudal 

border of scapula

insertion: olecranon tuber and olecranon

action: TL weight bearing – extend the elbow

origin: supraglenoid tubercle

insertion: Ulnar and radial 

tuberosities(*cat inserts only on radius)

action: Extends shoulder, flexes elbow; lies on mediocranial aspect of humerus

Transverse humeral 

retinaculum

Fibrous band that joins 

greater and lesser tubercles

of humerus

origin: Proximal 3rd of lateral surface of humerus

insertion: Ulnar and radial tuberosities (*cat inserts only on ulna)

action: Flex elbow; lies on lateracranial aspect of humerus

origin: Lateral supracondylar crest

insertion: Metacarpals II and III – 

dorsal surface

action: extend carpal joint

origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus

insertion: Phalanges II, III, IV, and V 

action: extend carpus and digits

origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

insertion: Phalanges III, IV, V

action: extend carpus and digits

Extensor carpi 

ulnaris/ulnaris lateralis

origin: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

insertion: Metacarpal V and accessory carpal bone

action: FLEX carpus, support carpus when extended for weight-bearing

origin: lateral epicondyle 

insertion: cranial proximal radius 

action: lateral rotator

Holds tendons of carpal 

tendons in place on dorsal 

surface of the carpus

origin: medial epicondyle of humerus

insertion: Palmar metacarpals II and III

action: flex carpus

origin: medial epicondyle of humerus

insertion: Palmar middle phalanges 

II, III, IV, V

action: flex carpus and phalanges

origin: medial epicondyle of humerus

insertion: medial border of radius at proximal end

action: medial rotator of manus

Collar formed by 

superficial digital flexor 

that surrounds deep flexor 

tendon as it passes through

the superficial, at 

metacarpophalangeal joint

Fibrous tissue on palmar 

surface of carpus, holds 

tendons in place

Ligaments holding digital 

flexors in place over the 

flexor manica

origin: Olecranon of the ulna, and medial epicondyle of humerus

insertion: accessory carpal bone

action: flex the carpus

origin: Medial epicondyle, proximo-caudal ulna, medial radius

insertion: Palmar distal phalanx of all digits

action: Flex carpal and phalangealjoints

origin: Cover palmar surfaces of 4 main metacarpal bones deep to DDFT

action: Flex metacarpophalangeal joint, support weight bearing

Support the DDFT 

proximal and distal to the 

palmar surfaee of the 

proximal interphalangeal 

joint

origin: ischiatic tuberosity

insertion: Fascia lata to patella and cranial tibia

action: Extend hip, stifle, hock; caudal part flexes stifle

origin: Ischiatic tuberosity

insertion: Disto-cranial tibia

action: Extend hip, flex stifle, extend hock

origin: ischiatic tuberosity

insertion: Caudal femur and medial condyle of the tibia

action: Extend hip; flex or extend stifle dependent on limb position

origin: Iliac crest and ventral iliac spine

insertion: Patella and cranial border of the tibia

action: flex hip

origin: pelvic symphysis

insertion: Cranial tibia and tuber calcanei

action: Adduct limb, flex stifle, extend hip and hock

origin: iliopubic eminence 

insertion: caudal femur

action: adduct limb

origin: pelvic symphysis

insertion: caudal femur

action: adduct limb, extend hip

origin:Tuber coxae and aponeurosis of middle gluteal

insertion: lateral femoral fascia

action: flex hip; extend stifle

origin: lateral border of sacrum

insertion: 3rd trochanter

action: extend hip, abduct limb

origin: Crest and gluteal surface of ileum

insertion: greater trochanter

action: extend and abduct hip, medial rotator

origin: body of ilium 

insertion: greater trochanter

action: extend and abduct hip, medial rotator

Quadriceps femoris

a)rectus femoris 

b)vastus group

origin: a)ilium

b)proximal femur

origin: Lumbar vertebrae and cranioventral ilium

insertion: Lesser trochanter of the femur

action: Flex the hip joint – THE major hip flexor m

origin: Extensor groove of the tibia and lateral edge of the cranial tibia border

insertion: Plantar surface of the base of metatarsals I and II

action: Flexion of the hock joint (tarsus)

origin: Extensor fossa of the femur

insertion: Extensor processes of distal phalanges II, III, IV, and V

action: Extend digits, flex tarsus

origin: Lateral condyle of the tibia, proximal fibular, and lateral collateral ligament of the stifle to the lateral epicondyle of the femur

insertion: 4th tarsal bone and plantar aspect of the base of metatarsals

action: Flexion of the tarsus

origin:Medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of the femur

insertion:  Proximal dorsal surface of the tuber calcanei

action: Hock joint extension, stifle flexion

origin: Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur (with the gastroc)

insertion: Tuber calcanei and bases of middle phalanges of II, III, IV, and V

action: Flex the digits, flex the stifle, extend the tarsus

origin: dont learn!!!

insertion: Flexor tubercle on plantar surface of each distal phalanx

action: Flex digits, extend tarsus – exits through flexor manica at the metacarpophalangeal joint

origin: Lateral epicondyle of the femur

insertion: don't learn me!!

action: Medial rotation of the pelvic limb

Digital joint flexion 

Cover plantar surfaces of metacarpal bones

origin: Transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae

insertion: Muscular tubercle on the ventral surface of the basioccipital bone

Overlapping fasicles attaching from the vertebral bodies or the transverse processes

Covers ventral surfaces of the vertebral bodies from T6 cranially to the atlas

origin: Neck and trunk

insertion: Serrated face of the scapula

Draw ribs together during respiration

Fibers run caudoventrally, from caudal border of 1 rib to the cranial border of the rib behind

origin: Costal part arises from last ribs, lumbar part arises from last rib and thoracolumbar fascia

insertion: Inserts on the linea alba by a wide aponeurosis

origin: Superficial leaf of the thoracolumbar fascia

insertion: Inserts on the costal arch, the rectus abdominis, the linea alba, and the prepubic tendon

origin: The pecten of the pubis

insertion: the sternum

action: Flexes thoracolumbar vertebral column

origin: Medial surfaces of the last 4 or 5 ribs and transverse processes of all the lumbar vertebrae

Iliopsoas

Quadriceps femoris

Sartorius

Tensor fascia lata

Biceps femoris

Semimembranosus

Sartorius

Tensor fascia lata

Quadriceps femoris

All gluteal mm. (also abduct limb)

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Adductor

Gracilis

Cranial tibia

Long digital extensor

Fibularis longus

Biceps femoris

Semimembranosus

sartorius

gracilis

Superficial digital flexor

Deep digital flexor

Gastrocnemius

Biceps femoris + Semitendinosus (common calcaneal tendon)

Gracilis