Myopathy: causes, symptoms, and treatments

.general term for muscle disease or disorder

.Causes: injury, genetics, nervous system disorders, medication, cellular abnormalities

. symptoms: weakness, cramping, stiffness, and spasm

. treatment depends on cause

attached to bones, provide movement for body

. voluntary muscle

.responsible for movement and maintaing posture

. also generate heat

attach bone to bone

. some muscles attach directly to bone or soft tissue w/o tendon

strains caused by overstretching tendons or muscles

. severity of injury can range from mild to severe

-mild: pulled muscle

-severe: complete muscle tear or complete tenedon rupture

. acute: usually resulting from trauma

. chronic: usually resulting from overuse or disease

vary depending on severity of injury

-mild:mild pain and  possible stiffness

-moderate: moe intense pain

-severe- severe pain, swelling, extensive bruising and often complete loss of movement

diagnosis: medical history, physical examination, imaging

Treatment vearies with severity of injury

skeletal muscle and dense regular connective tissue have only moderate ability to repair

. strains are slow to heal

Contractility: fibers will thicken and shorten

elasticity: when pulled goes back to original shape

Extensibility: change set point of muscle

Irritability

Tonus: partial state of contraction

electric shoot

change in temp.

ph and ion concentration

certain chemicals

degenerative disease leading to breakdown and scarring of tendons

. appears to be caused by failure of tendons to repair themselves after injury

. commonly seen related to overuse/ repitive motion or untreatd acute injuries

- some tendons more prone to tendinosis

-achilles tendon

-tibialis posterior tendon

-tendons of lateral elbow

age

gender

skeletal anatomy

types of occupational equipment used

sytematic disease( diabetes mellitus)

pain

tenderness

stiffness

price

physical therapy

ultrasound/ exta corporeal shock wave therapy

sugery is a last resort

steroids

lasers

covers the muscles

Epimysium

Perimysium

Endomysium

. bundles of muscle fibers covered by perimysium

common inflammatory injury of lower leg extensor muscles and surrounding tissues

.related to running

.can be treated w/ rest, reduction of excercise intensity, antinflammatory medication and modification of footwear

Myalgia

Fibromyalgia

Epidemiology

1. pain or tenderness in muscle

2. chronic pain syndrome

3. more common in women

Charateristics

Cause

1. pain of 3 months duration

bilateral tenderness

fatigue

sleep disorders

depressions

anxiety

excercise intolerance

CAUSE: unknown

may be caused by hyperactive stress response

. may also be caused by increased sensitivity to pain

pain in 11 of 18 designated tender points for fibromyalgia

.next to hip

.medial of knee

.backof neck

.2nd rib

.outside of elbow

.low back

no definitive treatment

symptoms can be managed w/ antidepressants, antiepileptics, exercise, and/or pain relievers

. symptom management often indequates of relieving pain completely

each muscle cell is elongated fiber known as muscle fiber, can be up to 12in in length 

. several muscle fibers can be bundled together to form specific muscle segment

. each muscle fiber composed of several myofibirils

functional contractile units of each fiber

. each has two types of threadlike structures called thick and thin myofilaments

What happens when a contraction happens?

genetic, incurable myopathy

. caused by erro in dystophin potein gene

. dystrophins function is to hold muscle fibers together during contraction

. w/o functional dystrophin muscle fibers degenerate

. all types of muscle affected

carried on x chromosome, seen more offten in young males

muscle weakness

. as disease progresses, more muscle fibers dissapear, muscle becomes progressively weaker, scarred and filled with fatty deposits

. smooth muscle and cardiac abnormalities often develop

progressive disease

usually diagnosed around age 4

by age 10 child usually wheelchair bound

average life span is 17

death usually due to respiratory or cardiac failure

physical examination, including evaluation for gait abnormality and pseudohypertrophy of the claves

.biochemical tests for muscular enzymes

.genetic testing

.electromyogram( test where muscle triggers muscle contraction; strength of contraction measured)

no effective treatment, focuses on symptom management, assistive devices and palliative care

 . no physical thereapy

. experimented treatments and research still on going

atp: energy needed for contraction and relaxtion; which helps myosin head form and break cross-bridges with actin

. calcium stored away from actin and myosin in sacroplasmic reticulum during relaxtion fo muscle

Tetanus

also called lock jaw, caused by untreated bacterial wound infection

. bacteria responsible is clostridum tetnai, which lives in soil

.bacteria produces toxin that causes disease

.likes to feed on dead tissue