Term
|
Definition
Origin: Calcaneus and deep surface of plantar aponeurosis
Insertion: Middle phalanx of digits 2-5 (tendons divide around tendons of flexor digitorum longus)
Innervation: Medial Plantar nerve (S1-3)
Action: Flexes digits 2-5 |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Calcaneus and surrounding plantar fascia
Insertion: Medial side of proximal phalanx of hallux
Innervation: Medial Plantar nerve (S1-3)
Action: Abducts and flexes hallux (big toe) |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Calcaneus and surrounding plantar fascia
Insertion: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of digit 5
Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S1-3)
Action: Abducts and flexes digit 5 |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Medial and lateral sides of calcaneus
Insertion: Tendon of flexor digitorum longus
Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S1-3)
Action: Flexes digits 2-5 |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Tendons of flexor digitorum longus
Insertion: medial side of dorsal digital expansion of digits 2-5
Innervation: Medial 1: Medial Plantar (S2-3) Lateral 3: Lateral plantar (S2-3)
Action: Flexes MTP joints and extends IP joints of digits 2-5 |
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Term
| Flexor digiti minimi (or brevis) |
|
Definition
Origin: Base of 5th metatarsal
Insertion: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of digit 5
Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2-3)
Action: Flexes MTP joint of digit 5 |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: of oblique head: Bases of metatarsals 2-4/ of transverse head: MTP joint capsules
Insertion: Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of hallux (w/ lateral tendon of flexor hallucis brevis)
Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2-3)
Action: Adducts the hallux (big toe) |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Cuboid and lateral cuneiform
Insertion: Medial and lateral sides of base of proximal phalanx of hallux (via sesamoid bones)
Innervation: Medial plantar nerve (S1-2)
Action: Flexes great toe |
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Term
| Plantar interosseous muscles |
|
Definition
Origin: Base and medial side of metatarsals 3-5
Insertion: Medial side of the base of proximal phalanx of digits 3-5
Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2-3)
Action: Adducts digits 3-5 and flexes MTP joints |
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Term
| Dorsal interosseous muscles |
|
Definition
Origin: Metatarsals 1-5
Insertion: 1st = medial side of proximal phalanx of digit 2 / 2nd - 4th = lateral side of proximal phalanges of digits 2-4
Innervation: Lateral plantar nerve (S2-3)
Action: Abducts digits 2-4 and flexes MTP joints |
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|
Term
| What structures are in the medial osteofascial compartment of the plantar foot? |
|
Definition
Flexor hallucis brevis
Abductor hallucis
Tendon of flexor hallucis longus |
|
|
Term
| What structures are in the lateral osteofascial compartment of the plantar foot |
|
Definition
Flexor digiti minimi (or brevis)
abductor digiti minimi
Tendon of flexor digitorum longus to 5th toe |
|
|
Term
| What structures are in the central osteofascial compartment of the plantar foot |
|
Definition
Flexor digitiorm brevis
Quadratus plantae
4 lumbricals
Tendon of flexor digitorum to toes 2-4 |
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|
Term
| What structures are in the Adductor-interosseous osteofascial compartment |
|
Definition
Adductor hallucis (two heads)
3 plantar interosseous
4 dorsal interosseous |
|
|
Term
| What muscles are innervated by the medial plantar nerve? |
|
Definition
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor hallucis
Medial 1 lumbrical
Flexor hallucis brevis |
|
|
Term
| What muscles are innervated by the lateral plantar nerve? |
|
Definition
Abductor digiti minimi
Quadratus plantae
Lateral 3 lumbricals
Flexor digiti minimi (brevis)
Adductor hallucis
Plantar interosseous muscles
Doral interosseous muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ischial Tuberosity
Insertion: Anteromedial surface of superior part of proximal tibia
Innervation: Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
Action: Extend thigh / flex leg and rotate it when knee is flexed |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Posterior part of medial condyle of tibia
Innervation: Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
Action: Extend thigh / Flex leg and rotate medially when knee is flexed |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Origin:
Of long head: Ischial tuberosity
Of short head: Linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
Insertion: Lateral side of head of fibula
Innervation:
Long head: Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
Short head: Common fibular division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
Action: Flexes leg and rotates it when knee is flexed / extends thigh |
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|
Term
| What inserts into the pes anserinus? |
|
Definition
Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Anterior inferior Iliac spine
Insertion: Superior part of medial surface of tibia
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-3)
Action: Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at hip. Flexes leg |
|
|
Term
| What muscles make up the quadriceps femoris? |
|
Definition
Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Anterior inferior Iliac spine and ilium superior to acetabulum
Insertion: Base of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-4)
Action: Extend leg, steadiness of hip, assists iliopsoas in flexing thigh |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Intertrochanteric line and medial lip of linea aspera, medial intermuscular septum
Insertion: Base of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-4)
Action: Extend leg |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Greater trocanter and lateral lip of linea aspera, lateral intermuscular septum
Insertion: Base of patella and by patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-4)
Action: Extend leg |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Anterior and lateral surfaces of body of femur
Insertion: Base of patella and by patellar ligament the tibial tuberosity
Innervation: Femoral nerve (L2-4)
Action: Extend leg |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the patella? |
|
Definition
Increase moment arm of quadriceps femoris muscles, and protect the distal femur
The lateral lip of the patellar groove prevents patellar subluxation |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Body of pubis inferior to pubic crest
Insertion: Middle third of linea aspera
Innervation: Anterior branch of obturator nerve (L2-4)
Action: Adducts and medially rotates thigh |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Body of inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion: Pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera
Innervation: Anterior branch of obturator nerve (L2-3)
Action: Adducts and medially rotates thigh |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Origin:
Adductor part: Inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium
Hamstring part: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion:
Adductor part: Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line
Hamstring part: Adductor tubercle of femur
Innervation:
Adductor Part: Posterior branch of obturator (L2-4)
Hamstring part: Tibial portion of sciatic nerve (L4)
Action: Adducts thigh and
Adductor part: also Flexes thigh
Hamstring part: also extends thigh |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Body of inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion: Superior part of medial surface of tibia
Innervation: Anterior branch of obturator nerve (L2-3)
Action: Adducts thigh, flexes leg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane
Insertion: Trochanteric fossa
Innervation: Posterior branch of obturator nerve (L3-4)
Action: Laterally rotates thigh |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin:
Lateral head: Lateral aspect of lateral femoral condyle
Medial head: Popliteal surface of femur, superior to medial condyle
Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-2)
Action: Plantarflexes ankle when knee extended, raises heel during walking, flexes leg at knee |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Posterior aspect of head of fibula, superior fourth of posterior surface of fibula, soleal line, and medial border of tibia
Insertion: Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Innervation: Tibial nerve(S1-2)
Action: Plantarflexes ankle independant of position of knee and steadies leg on foot |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur and oblique popliteal ligament
Insertion: Posteriormedial surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
Innervation: Tibial nerve (S1-2)
Action: Weakly assists gastrocnemius in plantarflexing ankle and flexing knee |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Inferior two=thirds of posterior surface of fibula and inferior part of interosseous membrane
Insertion: Base of distal phalanx of hallux
Innervation: Tibial nerve (S2-3)
Action: Flexes hallux and weakly plantarflexes ankle, support medial longitudinal arch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Medial part of posterior surface of tibia and inferior part of interosseous membrane
Insertion: Bases of distal phalanges digits 2-5
Innervation: Tibial nerve (S2-3)
Action: Flexes lateral four digits and plantarflexes ankle, supports longitudinal arches of foot |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Interosseous membrane, posterior surface of tibia inferior to soleal line, and posterior surface of fibula
Insertion: Tuberosity of navicular cuneiform, and cuboid and bases of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsals
Innervation: Tibial nerve (L4-5)
Action: Plantarflexes ankle and inverts foot, supports medial arch of foot |
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Term
|
Definition
Origin: Lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscus within the knee joint capsule
Insertion: Posterior surface of tibia, superior soleal line
Innervation: Tibial nerve (L4-S1)
Action: Not completely sure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ischial Tuberosity
Insertion: Anteromedial surface of superior part of proximal tibia
Innervation: Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
Action: Extend thigh / flex leg and rotate it when knee is flexed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Posterior part of medial condyle of tibia
Innervation: Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
Action: Extend thigh / Flex leg and rotate medially when knee is flexed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin:
Of long head: Ischial tuberosity
Of short head: Linea aspera and lateral supracondylar line of femur
Insertion: Lateral side of head of fibula
Innervation:
Long head: Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
Short head: Common fibular division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
Action: Flexes leg and rotates it when knee is flexed / extends thigh |
|
|
Term
| What inserts into the pes anserinus? |
|
Definition
Sartorius
Gracilis
Semitendinosus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Anterior surface of sacrum
Sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: Superior border of greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Ventral roots of S1 / S2
Action: Laterally rotate thigh when hip joint is extended
Abductor of the thigh when joint is flexed
Assists in holding head of femur in acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| Obturator Internus muscle |
|
Definition
Origin: Internal surface of the margins of the obturator foramen and obturator membrane
Insertion: Medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
Innervation: Nerve to the obturator internus (from sacral plexus)
Action: Laterally rotates thigh when hip extended
Helps hold femoral head in acetabulum |
|
|
Term
| What are the levator ani muscles? |
|
Definition
Pubococcygeus
Iliococcygeus
Puborectalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Pelvic surface of body of pubis and ischial spine and the tendinous arch between bony attachments
Insertion: Central perineal tendon / perineal body, external anal sphincter, anococcygeal raphe, and the coccyx
Innervation: Ventral rami of S3 and S4
Action: Support pelvic contents and micturition / defecation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament
Insertion: Lateral margins of fifth sacral vertebra and coccyx
Innervation: Ventral rami of S4 and S5
Action: Support pelvic contents, micturition, and defecation |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the pelvic diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| Levator ani muscles, coccygeus muscle, and their fascia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Head and superior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
Insertion: Base of 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform
Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve (L5-S2)
Action: Everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Inferior 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
Insertion: Dorsal surface of tuberosity on lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal
Innervation: Superficial fibular nerve *(L5-S2)
Action: Everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia, interosseous membrane
Insertion: Medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform and base of 1st metatarsal
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L4-5)
Action: Dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot |
|
|
Term
| Extensor digitorum longus |
|
Definition
Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia and superior 3/4 of medial surface of fibula, anterior intermuscular septum and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits (as extensor expansion)
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5-S1)
Action: Extends lateral four digits and dorsiflexes ankle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Middle part of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of hallux
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5-S1)
Action: Extends great toe and dorsiflexes ankle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Inferior third of anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion: Dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (L5-S1)
Action: Dorsiflexes the ankle and aids in everting the foot |
|
|
Term
| Extensor digitorum brevis |
|
Definition
Origin: Superolateral aspect of calcaneus
Insertion: Middle phalanx of digits 2-4 (via tendons of extensor digitorum longus)
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (S1-2)
Action: Extends the PIP joint of digits 2-4 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Superolateral aspect of calcaneous
Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx of hallux
Innervation: Deep fibular nerve (S1-2)
Action: Extends MTP joint for digit 1 |
|
|
Term
| What does Tom, Dick, and Bloody Nervous Harry stand for? |
|
Definition
Structures that pass on the medial side of the ankle
Tendon of Tibialis posterior muscle
Tendon of Flexor digitorum longus muscle
Posterior tibial artery
Tibial nerve
Tendon of flexor hallucis longus muscle |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the groove under the sustentaculum tali? |
|
Definition
| Tendon of the flexor hallucis longus muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ilium, sacrum, and sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur and iliotibial tract
Innervation: Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
Action: Extension and lateral rotation of thigh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
Insertion: Lateral surface of greater trocahnter of femur
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Action: Abducts and rotates thigh (Anterior fibers = medial rotation, Posterior fibers = Lateral rotation) Stabilizes pelvis while walking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Action: Abducts and medially rotates thigh, stabilizes pelvis during walking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Anterior aspect of iliac crest
Insertion: Iliotibial tract to lateral tibial condyle
Innervation: Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
Action: Flexes and medially rotates thigh at hip, helps stabilize knee joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ischial spine
Insertion: Medial surface of greater trochanter
Innervation: Nerve to obturator internus (L5-S1)
Action: Abducts and laterally rotates thigh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Greater trochanter of femur
Innervation: Nerve to the quadratus femoris (L5-S1)
Action: Abduct and laterally rotate thigh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Origin: Lateral border of ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur
Innervation: Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5-S1)
Action: Laterally rotates thigh |
|
|
Term
| What are the lateral rotators of the hip? |
|
Definition
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Superior and inferior gemelli
Quadratus femoris |
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles in the posterior thigh compartment? What innervates these muscles? |
|
Definition
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps femoris (Long and short head)
Tibial division of sciatic nerve except short head of the biceps femoris (Common fibular division of sciatic nerve |
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh? What nerve innervates these muscles? |
|
Definition
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Rectus Femoris
Femoral nerve |
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh? What nerve innervates these muscles? |
|
Definition
Pectineus
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
Obturator nerve (anterior and posterior branches)
(Except pectineus [Femoral nerve] and Hamstring part of the adductor magnus [Tibial portion of sciatic nerve]) |
|
|
Term
| What muscles are in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg? What nerve innervates them? |
|
Definition
Gastrocsnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
Tibial nerve |
|
|
Term
| What muscles are in the deep posterior compartment of the leg? What nerve innervates these muscles? |
|
Definition
Flexor hallucis longus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibilais Posterior
Popliteus
Tibial nerve |
|
|
Term
| What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg? What nerve innervates them? |
|
Definition
Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Superficial fibular nerve |
|
|
Term
What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?
What nerve innervates these muscles? |
|
Definition
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
Deep fibular nerve |
|
|
Term
| What muscles are in the dorsum of the foot? What nerve innervates them? |
|
Definition
Extensor hallucis brevis
Extensor digitorum brevis
Deep fibular nerve |
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|
