Term
| what muscles must be transected to remove the entire forelimb, including the scapula? |
|
Definition
| all the extrinsic muscles of the forelimb |
|
|
Term
| what is atrophy of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles causing a prominent scapular spine called, and what causes it? |
|
Definition
| sweeney. suprascapular nerve damage |
|
|
Term
| what results from radial nerve paralysis of the extensors of the thoracic limb? |
|
Definition
| inability to stand (the triceps can't extend the elbow), knuckling over of the digits |
|
|
Term
| what is the most important layer that must be opposed when closing a paramediuan midline incision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wat is the most important structure to close in a midline incision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how would you locate the trachea for an emergency tracheostomy? |
|
Definition
| skin incision in the ventral neck, separate the strap muscles |
|
|
Term
| what muscle and nerve must be functional to bear weight on the pelvic limb? |
|
Definition
| quadriceps muscle, femoral nerve |
|
|
Term
| what muscles are paralyzed with obturator nerve damage, resulting in lateral slipping on a slick surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does an animal knuckle over on the pelvic limb with fibular (peroneal) nerve damage? |
|
Definition
| paralysis of the extensors of the digits |
|
|
Term
| what is the only laryngeal muscle which opens the glottic cleft? |
|
Definition
| cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle |
|
|
Term
what muscles does the facial nerve innervate?
which is of clinical significance? |
|
Definition
| muscles of facial expression, including the orbicularis oculi muscle - contributed to dry eye |
|
|
Term
| what muscles are innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do the 3rd, 4th, and 6th cranial nerves (oculomotor, trochlear, abducens) innervate? |
|
Definition
| extrinsic muscles of the eye |
|
|
Term
| what does the hypoglossal nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| muscles of the tongue (motor) |
|
|
Term
| what muscles are innervated by both cranial nerves 9 and 10 (glossopharyngeal and vagus) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why can a broken neck result in respiratory paralysis? |
|
Definition
| phrenic nerve to the diaphragm arises from the cervical and brachial plexuses |
|
|
Term
| what is the panniculus (cutaneous trunci) response? |
|
Definition
| contraction of the cutaneous trunci muscle in response to a pin prick of the trunk |
|
|
Term
| what is the reflex arch for the panniculus response? |
|
Definition
| sensation from the skin of the trunk --> the thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves --> the spinal cord --> up the cord to the lateral thoracic nerve --> cutaneous trunci muscle |
|
|
Term
| clinically, what is the panniculus response used to evaluate? |
|
Definition
| level of the thoracic spinal cord damage |
|
|
Term
| where is the spinal cord damage if the panniculus response is absent caudal to the level of the 12th thoracic vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for standing large animal flank surgeries, what must be blocked? |
|
Definition
| both the dorsal and ventral branches of the abdominal nerves as the dorsal branches are sensory to the top of the flank |
|
|
Term
| what nerve must be considered when removing the anal glands? why? |
|
Definition
caudal rectal nerve
damage can result in paralysis of the external anal sphincter, thus, fecal incontinence |
|
|
Term
| why is paralysis of the orbicularis oculi and loss of lacrimation the most vital results of facial nerve paralysis? |
|
Definition
| drying of eye, animals not vain about facial paralysis |
|
|
Term
| describe the pathophysiology of a roarer/recurrent laryngeal nerve damage |
|
Definition
| paralysis of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle, (open glottic cleft), resulting in a roaring sound when breathing |
|
|
Term
| what is a common serious injury of all the nerves of the forelimb? |
|
Definition
| complete avulsion (tearing) of the brachial plexus associated with HBC( hit by car) |
|
|
Term
| what are the signs of complete avulsion of the brachial plexus? |
|
Definition
| complete paralysis, extended falccid limb, unable to support weight and dragging dorsum of paw |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage to the suprascapular nerve, resulting in paralysis of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles acutely, thus lateral instability of the shoulder joint. with time muscle atrophy corrects the instability, but results in a prominent scapular spine most common in horses |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common and clinically significant nerve problem of the forelimb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of radial nerve injury? |
|
Definition
| high and low radial nerve injury |
|
|
Term
what are the signs of high radial nerve paralysis?
signs of low radial nerve damage? |
|
Definition
high - inability to bear weight on the limb, dropped elbow and knuckling over on digits
low- knuckling over on digits |
|
|
Term
| what sensory loss is diagnostic for radial nerve injury? |
|
Definition
| loss of sensation on dorsal manus |
|
|
Term
| what results from femoral nerve injury and why? |
|
Definition
| can't bear weight, can't extend stifle - analgesia to medial limb (saphenous nerve) |
|
|
Term
| injury to which nerve causes lateral slipping on a slick surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the signs of fibular nerve damage? |
|
Definition
| knuckling over, analgesia of the dorsal pes |
|
|
Term
| how does an animal compensate for peroneal nerve damage? |
|
Definition
| by flipping the paw as advanced |
|
|
Term
| what is peroneal nerve paralysis similar to in the thoracic limb? |
|
Definition
| low radial nerve paralysis, knuckling over |
|
|
Term
| what is an iatrogenic cause of ischiatic nerve damage, what does it result in? |
|
Definition
| IM injection in the rear limb, resulting in paresis/paralysis of the rear limb |
|
|
