Term
| What are the characteristics of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
excitability
contractibility
extensibility
elasticity |
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Term
| What are the functions of muscle tissue? |
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Definition
producing movement,
maintaining posture/body heat,
stabilizing joints,
generating heat,
protect fragile organs. |
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Term
| What are the connective tissue sheaths, superficially to deep? |
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Definition
| Epimysium, perimysium, endomysium. |
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Term
| What is a bundle of muscle fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the red pigment that stores O2 in muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the contractile unit of a muscle cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A bands are the dark bands of a sarcomere that contain the H zone. |
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Term
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Definition
| protein on actin that blocks myosin binding sites |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibitory protein that binds Ca2+ on actin. |
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Term
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Definition
| protein that extends from Zdisc forming attachment to myosin. |
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Term
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Definition
| links actin to integral proteins of the sarcolemma. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ttubules + terminal cisternae(2) |
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Term
| What are the voltage-gated channels that release Calcium ions from SR? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| neurons that activate muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| where ach receptors are located |
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Term
| what is the enzyme that breaks down ach to acetic acid and choline for reabsorption? |
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Definition
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Term
| Generation of AP along sarcolemma events: |
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Definition
1)Local depolarization: chemically ligand gated channels are opened by ach attachment that allows sodium in and potassium out.
2)Generation and Propogation of AP: spreads in all directions, and once threshold is reached(endplatepotential) AP is spread down sarcolemma. |
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Term
| What is the polarized mV? Depolarized? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cell cannot be stimulated again unless repolarization is complete. |
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Term
| What restores the ionic conditions of cell? The electrical conditions? |
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Definition
| Na+, K- pump; repolarization |
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Term
| What is the point of no return? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| End of sarcolemma where Ach binds. |
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Term
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Definition
| action potential leading to calcium release out of sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Calcium removes tropomyosin blockade so myosin can bind and muscle can contract. |
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Term
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Definition
| myosin pulls toward M line. |
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Term
| What are the main factors of contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| first few miliseconds where excitation occurs. |
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Term
| voltage gated calcium channels |
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Definition
| @synaptic cleft where calcium entry triggers release of Ach |
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Term
| chemically gated Na/K channels |
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Definition
local voltage change @ end plate potential.
depolarization. |
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Term
| voltage gated sodium channels |
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Definition
| further depolarizes and results in AP propogation. |
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Term
| volatge sensitive proteins |
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Definition
dHP and ryanodine.
stimulate SR release of Ca. |
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Term
| What occurs when Ca is released from SR? |
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Definition
| Ca binds to troponin, which activated tropomyosin. Then myosin attaches and crossbridge is formed. |
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Term
| What happens at the end of contraction? |
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Definition
| pumps of SR reclaim Ca from cytosol and troponin and tropomyosin return and muscle fiber relaxes. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle shortens and does work |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| muscle shortens and does work |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle lengthens (50%more forceful) |
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Term
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Definition
| motor neuron and all fibers it stimulates. |
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Term
| What is an example of fine control? |
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Definition
moving a finger or eye.
-more precise.
smaller motor unit. |
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Term
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Definition
| graphic recording of contractile activity |
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Term
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Definition
| response of a motor unit to a single action potential of is motor neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
1)Latent Period- EC coupling occurs
2)Contraction period- crossbridge active
3)Relaxation period- reentry of Ca in SR |
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Term
| What are graded responses? |
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Definition
1)change of frequency of stimulation
2)chnage of strength of stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd twitch is stronger because it hits before 1st twitch finished. Contracting doubly making bigger impact. |
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Term
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Definition
led by wave summation.
most common.
more tension results. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stimuli that produce no movements |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus where 1st observable contraction occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| strongest stimulus that produces increased contraction and all muscle motor units are recruited. |
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Term
| direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate. |
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Definition
creatine phosphate+ADp=creatine+ATP
result: 1 ATP per CP
-only 15 secs worth. |
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Term
|
Definition
anaerobic respiration
Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvic acids, then to lactic acids.
result: 2 ATP per glucose
-30-60s worth |
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Term
|
Definition
glucose+oxygen=CO2+H2O+ATP.
result=32-36 ATP
-last hours. |
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Term
|
Definition
increasing availability of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm
STAIRCASE EFFECT |
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Term
| Muscle tone is accounted by: |
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Definition
| spinal reflexes to maintain posture/joints and keeping muscles firm and healthy. |
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Term
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Definition
| cramping because lack of ATP does not allow crossbridge to detach. |
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Term
| How much of energy released from muscle contraction is converted to useful work? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
slow oxidative fibers
32-36 ATP formed.
aerobic.
red in color.
endurance activities. |
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Term
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Definition
"hybrid"
aerbic+glycolysis
red-pink color |
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Term
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Definition
Anaerobic Glycolysis
2 ATP formed
white color. |
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Term
| bulbs that release ach in smooth muscles |
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Definition
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Term
| junction at which ach is expelled |
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Definition
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Term
| infoldings of sarcolemma of smooth muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| Ca binding site in smooth muscle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| allows a hollow organ to fill or expand slowly to accomodate greater volume. |
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Definition
| stress-relaxation response |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| accelerated growth by splitting and multiplying. |
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