• Dominant tissue in hollow organs and heart
• Nearly hald the body's mass made of muscle
• Transforms chemical energy (ATP) into mechanical energy

• Skeletal Muscle
• Smooth Muscle
• Cardiac Muscle

• Long, parallel cells
• Striated
• Voluntary

• Cardiac 

• Striated
• Involuntary

• Smooth Muscle

No stirations 

involutntary

hollow visceral organs

functions of muscle

produce body movement

integrations of muscles, bones, and joints

stabilize body position

postural muscles contract continuously 

regulate organ volume

sphincter muscles control hollow organ emptying

movement of substances w/in the body

cardiac muscle moves blood, peristalsis

generate heat

(thermogenesis) up to 85% of body heat

properties of muscle

electrical excitiability

respond to stimuli by producing action potentials

Contractibillity

The ability to contract when stimulated by an action potential

Extensibility

ability to strectch without damage and contract from a stretched state

Elasticity

ability to return to its natural state after contraction or stretch

bandage

superficial, just below skin

separates muscle from skin

deep - lines walls and separates muscles

outer covering of muscle

to stretch out

continuation of three layers of ct covering muscle attatching to bone

highly innervated and vascularized

creation of action potentials

nerurons connect to each fiber

nutrients and oxygen for atp synthesis

waste removal

every muscle fiber close to one or more capillaries

multi nucleate

banded appearance

surrounded by endomysium

(sarco=flesh; lemma=sheath)

cell membrane of muscle cell

t tubule

sarcolemma tunnel in from the surface toward the center of fiber

b/n 2 SR's

lots of mitochondria where active

membranes of 2 SR's + T Tubule = Triad

muscle cell's cytoplasm

contains many mitochondria and specialized SER called Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

contains Myoglobin; Oxygen binding pigment in muscle similar to Hemoglobin

Elaborate fluid-filled tubules

in relaxed muscle store calcium

release of calcium into sarcoplasm triggers muscle contraction

long cylindrical structures that extend the entire length of muscle cell

contain contractile muscle elements of skeletal muscle cell

Contain: even smaller structures called thick filaments and thin filaments

thick/thin filaments:

do not extend length of muscle cell

overlap into specific pattern with compartments called sarcomeres

thick = myosin

thin = actin

looks like been sprout

thick filament

head moves back and forth

The hinge portion of the tail allows vertical movement so that the head can bind to actin on the thin filament

Thin Filament

made up of 3 proteins:

1.actin

two pearl necklaces wound around together

on each pearl:

active site that binds to head of myosin

2. Tropomyosin - usually (at rest) blocks active sites

3.Troponin - binds w/ CA++

motor unit

1. Splitting ATP

Energy from ATP stored in myosin head

2.Formation of Cross bridges

mysosin heads attach to actin and release P groups

3.Power Stroke

myosin heads swiverl and release ADP, pulling actin filaments

4. Binding ATP & detaching

a new molecule of ATP binds to myosin heads releasing them from the actin

Acetycholine broken down

Nerve signals cease

AchE breaks down the Ach in the cleft

Calcium ions transported back into the SR

Lack of Ca++ concentration causes mysosin biding sites to be covered by tropomyosin

Filaments slide back to their resting position

adenosine triphosphate

ATP broken down when energy needed

Energy from glucose used to change ADP back into ATP

ATP

already in cell

used for first few second of activity

2 main sources of ATP Regeneration

1. Creatine Phosphate (CP)

2.Anaerobic cellular respiration

3.Aerobic cellular respiration

Creatine Phosphate

Stored in muscle

Regenerate ATP while body adjusts to increased need of ATP

Instant transfer of energy and a phosphate group

Provide power for 10-15 seconds 

100 meter dash

muscles store more Creatine phosphate than ATP

Creatine Phosphate + ADP = Creatine + ATP

Glucose

Stored as Glycogen in the muscles and liver

Thousands of glucose molecules joined together

Fat

used when glucose is running short

No oxygen

Take place around protein filaments

Fast pathway (glycolysis)

Produces ATP 2 1/2 times faster than aerobic

Lasts only 30-40 seconds of intense exercise

Not efficient

waste produce is lactic acid

Leads to muscle fatigue

Leaves muscle tissue with 30 mins after exercise stops

2 ATP per glucose (5% as much ATP from glucose as the aerobic pathway)

Mainly used for short bursts of energy

Tennis 

Soccer

100 meter swim

Aerobic Respiration

With Oxygen

More efficient

Waste products are water, carbon dioxide and heat

95% ATP used for muscle activity

36 ATP produced/glucose

Used during moderate exercise

jogging 

marathons

This reaction takes place inside of mitochondria

Used glucose or fatty acids to build ATP

36 ATP per glucose

At rest

2/3 energy comes from fatty acids

1/3 from glucose

Anaerobic

Produces ATP quickly

No Oxygen needed

Occurs in cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)

Produces 2 ATP

Aerobic

Produces ATP more slowly

Needs Oxygen

Occurs in mitochondria

Produces 36 ATP

When muscles are in a state of physiological inability to contract forcefully

Lowered release of Ca++

Depletion of CP

Limited Oxygen

Depletion of glycogen

Excess lactic acid

Depletion of Ach

Run out of glucose

ATP production cannot keep up with the use

Sodium/Potassium pumps start slowing down

Can't return ionic concentration back to original values

Decreased excitability of muscles

Increase of lactic acid

changes pH in cell

Motor Neurons use up their stores of Ach

Junctional fatigue

Oxygen Debt

The extra amount of oxygen the body must take in to restore it to its resting state

The difference between the amount of oxygen needed for total aerobic muscle activity and the amount used

Non-aerobic sources of ATP contribute to debt

Replace oxygen reserves that were depleted in first few minutes of exercise

Increase amounts of oxygen bound to myoglobin and hemoglobin

Oxidize lactic acid to usable form

lactic acid leaves muscles enters the bloodstream

Goes to the liver where it is converted back to glucose and glycogen

Synthesize ATP

ATP then donates P to creatine to rebuild stores of CP

Slow Oxidative (SO)

Half of the fibers of most muscles

Resist fatigue, capable of prolonged contraction

Highest in postural muscles

Generate ATP through aerobic respiration

Fast Oxidative-glycolytic (FOG)

Contract and relax more quickly than SO fibers

Generate ATP both aerobically and anaerobically

Fast Glycolitic (FG)

Largest, most powerful and fastest

Mainly anaerobic generation of ATP

Light color = SO cells

Mid color = FOG

Dark color = FG

isometric = same measure

muscle contracts without changing in length

maintains posture

Isotonic = same tension

Muscle length changes and moves the load

The load (tension) stays constant

concentric - muscle shortens during contraction

Eccentric - muscle lengthens during contraction

knee flexion (eccentric)

hold squat position (isometric)

knee extension (concentric)

Involuntary and often painful contractions of muscle 

Cause still a mystery, may be one or more of:

muscle is overused or injured

nerve irritation (disk herniation)

stress

dehydration

alcoholism

medications

reduced amounts of calcium and magnesium

type of neural receptor

occur in skeleton muscle

tendons, joints, ligaments, connective tissue covering bones/muscles

advise brain about our movements

monitors degree of stretch of organs they occupy

Muscle Spindles:

abundant in areas where we need fine control

In fleshy part of musclel

Modified muscle fibers called intrafusal = within spindle enclosed in CT

Defects degree of stretch in muscle

Tendon Organs:

Located in tendons near insertion 

Work with muscle spindles to coordinate contraction

Detects degree of tension in muscle

A phenomenon wherby relaxed voluntary muscles are continuously slightly contracted

Small number of motor units in sustained contraction

Spinal reflexes activate changing groups of motor units in response to stimulation of stretch receptors (muscle spindles) in the muscles and tendons (TO)

This process stabilizes joints and maintains posture

If Neurons of NMJ are damaged muscle becomes flaccid (=flabby) loss of muscle tone

Effects of Exercise on Muscles

Aerobic exercise

Increase in capillaries surrounding muscles fibers

Increase in mitochondria in muscle fibers

More myoglobin synthesized

More efficient muscle metabolism

Greater endurance

Strength

Resistance to fatigue

Resistance Exercise

skeletal muscle hypertrophy (muscle gets bigger)

Increased size (not number) of individual muscle fibers

An increase in muscle fiber diameter

More myofibrils, mitochondria, SR, and other cytoplasmic structures

Results from forceful, repetitive muscular activity

Anaerobic makes muscles bigger

Aerobic builds endurance

Results form lack of use

Loss of neural stimulation

Begins as soon as muscles become immobilized

Lose muscle strength at a rate of about 5% per day

Lost muscle tissue may be replaced by fibrous connective tissue

60% of energy released during a contraction is released as heat

Begin to sweat during exercise so water can be evaporated off of the skin and cool you down

Shivering causes muscle contraction to create more heat in the body

-Epimysium - blends into subcutaneous layer of inegument

-Fascicle - group of individual muscle cells wrapped in perimysium

-Endomysium - connective tissue surrounding individual muscle cells

-Sarcoplasm- muscle cells' membrane

-Sarcoplasmic Reticulum - specialized SER for pumping of calcium ions

-Myofibrils - conctractile elements of muscle cell

-A group of signs and symptoms:

-chronic soft tissue pain

-Often comorbid with:

-Chronic Fatigue

-IBS

-Migraines 

-Sleep disorders

-Affects 2-3% of US, 85-90% women

-incidences increase with age

Fibromyalgia Symptoms:

Stiffness

Unrefresshing sleep

tension headaches

IBS w/ recurring diarrhea and constipation

Difficulty with concentration and related cognitive functions

Depression and mood disorders

Restless leg syndrome

Vaginal pain and dryness

Painful menstrual  periods 

Irritable bladder and urinary complaints

-increased blood circulation to the muscles, allowing for faster muscle repair

-increased flexability

-increased range of motion

-decreased stress and depression

-reduced pain

-reduced stiffness

-improved sleep patterns

-In a 1996 study, fibromyalgia sufferers reported a 38% decrease in pain symptoms after receiving just 10 30 minute massages. They also reported a significant decline in sleep difficulties: They began sleeping for longer periods of time and were disturbed less by difficulties

-Watch those spots!

MPS is diagnosed when many myofascial trigger points are chronic and recurrent

-Prevelance difficult to estimate

-Affects women and men, frequency tapers off with aging

MPS symptoms (mayo clinic) 

-Deep aching pain in a muscle

-Pain that persists or worsens

-Muscle stiffness

-Joint stiffness near the affected muscle

-Area of tension in your muscle that may feel like a knot or tight spot and may be particularly sensitive to touch

-Difficulty sleeping due to pain

-muscle injury. stress on your muscles can cause trigger points to form

-incactivity

-stress and anxiety, clenching muscles, a form of repeated strain, leaves muscles susceptible to trigger points

-# age. MPS is more likely in middle-aged adults

Women are more likely to experience

yes yes yes!

all types regularly

release and flush

-variety of lower leg problems

-medial tibial stress syndrome

periostitis

stress fractures

chronic or acute compartment syndrome 

-involuntary contraction of voluntary muscle

-nutritional - mineral difeciencies

-ischemic - ischemia - pain cycle

exercise associated

splinting - supporting an area of injury

-spinal shock

-natural reflexes

-can happen do to stimulation from anything, including massage

-Injury of muscle and/or tendon 

-traumatic or chronic use etiology

impaired contractility

adhesions

massage for strains

-lymphatic drainage to support acute stage

-subacute to chronic - all forms supportive 

*deep tissue to release/rearrange scar tissue

*ROM to restore ROM

-tears to ligaments

*ripped fibers in fibrous CT

More serious than strains and tendonitis

- tend to swell more

Sprains for massage

PRICEs is right

massage 

-influences direction of new fibers

reduce adhesions

reduce edema

all but lymphatic drainage must be subacute

ROM with client tolerance

-Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

-Marfan Syndrome

-Muscular Dystophy

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

-A group of inherited muscle diseases in which muscle fibers are unusually susceptible to damage

-Muscles become progressively weaker

-In the late stages fat and connective tissue often replace muscle fibers

-Some types of muscular dystorphy affect heart muscles, other involuntary muscles and other organs

-Sensation remains so massage is safe

-Work with health care team, especially if circulatory system is compromised

-All modalities indicated