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| voluntarily controlled (by somatic nervous system) and striated muscle tissue made up of multinucleated cells |
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| plasma membrane of muscle cells |
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| cytoplasm of muscle cells |
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| any of the elongated contractile threads found in striated muscle cells. |
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| sheath of connective tissue surrounding muscle |
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| sheath of connective tissue that surrounds and groups individual muscle bundles |
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| sheath surrounding individual muscle cells |
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| type of cell found in muscle tissue |
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| linear arrangement of contractile proteins |
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| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle |
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| deep invagination of the sarcolemma only found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell. |
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| basic unit of muscle composed of long, fibrous proteins that slide past each other when muscles contract and relax |
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| ATP-dependent motor proteins involved in muscle contracted |
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| globular protein that forms filaments in a twisted "pearls on a string" model; can be in either singular G (globular) or F (filamentous/helical) form |
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| regulatory protein that overlaps binding sites on actin from myosin and inhibits interaction in the relaxed state; blocks myosin binding actin |
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| regulatory protein with three types; C-type interacts with calcium, I-type interacts with actin, and T-type interacts with tropomyosin; binds Ca2+ to pull tropomyosin from myosin interaction sites |
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| noncontractile protein that borders a sarcomere |
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| inside the H-zone; formed of cross-connecting elements of the cytoskeleton |
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| contains the entire length of a single thick filament |
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| surrounds the Z-line; the zone of thin filaments that is not superimposed by thick filaments |
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| zone of the thick filaments that is not superimposed by the thin filaments; within the A-band |
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| Muscle tissue in which the contractile fibrils are not highly ordered, occurring in the gut and other internal organs and not under voluntary control |
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| sheets of smooth muscle containing few tight junctions, but richly innervated; responds as individual motor units, not as a single unit. Affected by varicosities which pass from one cell to the next through gap junctions |
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| Visceral (single-unit) smooth muscle |
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Definition
| a type of smooth muscle found in the uterus, gastro-instestinal tract; spontaneously depolarizes (myogenic activity) |
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| a swelling along an axon that affects the cell closest to it |
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| originating in muscle tissue (rather than from nerve impulses) |
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| a protein that binds calcium and is involved in regulating a variety of activities in cells |
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| the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies; can only excite the muscle, not inhibit it; forms a one-to-one relationship |
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| motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber it innervates |
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| an enzyme that causes rapid hydrolysis of acetylcholine. Its action serves to stop excitation of a nerve after transmission of an impulse |
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| type of involuntary striated muscle found in the walls and histologic foundation of the heart; an intermediate between smooth and skeletal muscle with connective and fibrous tissue |
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| specialized muscle cells in the heart that play key roles in maintaining the heart's continuous beat in a rhythmical manner; joined with gap junctions |
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| specialized region in cardiac muscle which allows the action potential to spread to all cardiac muscle cells, causing the whole heart to contract; thickened portion of the sarcolemma that extends across a cardiac muscle fibre, indicating the boundary between cells |
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| calcium channels in muscle and nerve cells that open in response to changes in membrane potential |
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| summation of successive postsynaptic responses in a postsynaptic cell from two or more action potentials arriving within a brief period in the same synaptic terminal |
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| the tough outermost layer of the pericardium that is attached to the diaphragm and the sternum |
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| the innermost of the two layers of the pericardium |
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| pericardial cavity: the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement |
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| an inflammation of the pericardium |
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| muscular tissue of the heart |
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| thin, smooth membrane that lines the inside of the chambers of the heart and forms the surface of the valves |
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| the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus |
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| the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins |
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| the chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk |
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| the chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta; main pumping chamber of the heart |
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| receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart; formed from the azygos and both brachiocephalic veins; main vein leading to the heart |
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| receives blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs and empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart; formed from the union of the two iliac veins |
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| valve with three cusps; situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle; allows blood to pass from atrium to ventricle and closes to prevent backflow when the ventricle contracts |
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| Right atrioventricular valve |
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Definition
| tricuspid valve: valve with three cusps; situated between the right atrium and the right ventricle; allows blood to pass from atrium to ventricle and closes to prevent backflow when the ventricle contracts |
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| heart strings; cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart |
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| any of several muscles associated with the atrioventricular valves |
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| mitral valve: valve with two cusps; situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle |
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| Left atrioventricular valve |
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Definition
| mitral valve: valve with two cusps; bicuspid valve; situated between the left atrium and the left ventricle |
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| Pulmonary semilunar valve |
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Definition
| valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps |
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| one of the valves of the heart. It is normally tricuspid (with three leaflets), although in 1% of the population it is found to be congenitally bicuspid (two leaflets). It lies between the left ventricle and the aorta. |
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| small body of specialized muscle tissue in the wall of the right atrium of the heart that acts as a pacemaker by producing a contractile signal at regular intervals |
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| a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to atrioventricular bundle |
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| atrioventricular bundle: a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract |
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| specialized heart tissue that conducts the impulse for contraction to the myocardium of the ventricles |
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Term
| Parasympathetic vagal nerves |
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Definition
| nerves, supplying the heart, lungs, upper digestive tract, and other organs of the chest and abdomen; releases ACh which is recepted by the sinoatrial node at a muscarinic receptor; inhibits the sinoatrial node |
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| Sympathetic thoracic spinal nerves |
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Definition
| releases norepinephrin which affects beta receptors and increases heart rate and the strength of contraction |
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Definition
| electrocardiogram: a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph |
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| a slowing down of the heart rate |
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| a speeding up of the heart rate |
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| the main vessel of the lymphatic system, passing upward in front of the spine and draining into the left innominate vein near the base of the neck |
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| short vessel that receives lymph from the right side of the head, neck, and thorax, the right arm, right lung, right side of the heart, and convex surface of the liver and that discharges it into the right subclavian vein at its junction with the right internal jugular vein |
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Definition
| lymphocytes that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines that stimulate B cells and killer T cells |
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| lymphocyte that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it |
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| a lymphocyte derived from bone marrow that provides humoral immunity; it recognizes free antigen molecules in solution and matures into plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulin (antibodies) that inactivate the antigens |
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| any of a number of substances, such as interferon, interleukin, and growth factors, that are secreted by certain cells of the immune system and have an effect on other cells |
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Definition
| the branch of the immune system in which antibodies are produced in response to a foreign antigen. |
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| blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. Antibodies combine chemically with substances that the body recognizes as alien, such as bacteria, viruses, and foreign substances in the blood |
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Definition
| toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, esp. the production of antibodies |
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Definition
| major histocompatibility complex |
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Definition
| A fully differentiated B cell that produces a single type of antibody |
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Definition
| long-lived lymphocyte capable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintroduction, long after the exposure that prompted its production |
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