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| a fast dance of Polish origins in triple meter with an accent on the second beat |
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| in a fugue, the opening section, in which each voice in turn has the opportunity to present the subject, in sonata-allegro form, the principal section, in which all thematic material is presented |
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| music in which some important component-pitch, dynamics, rhythm, comes in a continually repeating series, see 12 note compositions |
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| a term used to describe music that exhibits no obvious repetitions or overt musical form from beginning to end |
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| a style of modern music that takes a very small amount of musical material and repeats it over and over to form a composition |
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| literally a “fixed idea,” but more specifically an obsessive musical theme as first used in Hector Berlioz’s Symphonies fantastique |
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| the simultaneous sounding of two keys or tonalities |
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| a piano outfitted with screws, bolts, washers, erasers, and bits of felt and plastic to transform the instrument from a melodic one to a percussive one |
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| instrumental music free of a text or any pre-existing program |
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| music in which the composer works directly with sounds recorded on magnetic tape, not with musical notation and performers |
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| Italian for “joke”, a rapid, jovial work in triple meter often used in place of the minuet as the third movement in a string quartet or symphony |
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| a slow, introspective type of music, usually for piano, with rich harmonies and poignant dissonances intending to convey the mysteries of the night |
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| music without tonality, music without a key center, most often associated with the 20th century avant-garde style of Arnold Schoenberg |
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| a method of composing music, devised by Arnold Schoenberg, that has each of the 12 notes of the chromatic scale sound in a fixed, regularly recurring order |
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| two or more rhythms sounding simultaneously |
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| a technique applied to string instruments in which two strings are pressed down and played simultaneously instead of just one |
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| a short one-movement composition designed to improve one aspect of a performer’s technique |
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| Italian for “beautiful singing,” a style of singing and a type of Italian opera developed in the 19th century that features the beautiful tone and brilliant technique of the human voice |
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| German for “song,” the genre of art song, for voice and piano accompaniment, that originated in Germany ca. 1800 |
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| a 6 note scale each pitch of which is a whole tone away from the next |
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| German for “speech voice,” a singer declaims, rather than sings, a text at only approximate pitch levels |
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| a process used in construction a melody whereby a simple, nearby interval is made more distant, and the melodic line more disjunct, by placing the next note up or down an octave |
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| the frequent presence in melodies and chords of intervals only a half step apart in a scale, the use of notes not part of the diatonic major or minor pattern |
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| a 5 note scale found often in folk music and non western music |
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| a movement in 20th century music that seeks to return to the musical forms and aesthetics of the Baroque and Classical periods |
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| a showy passage for the soloist appearing near the end of the movement in a concerto; it usually incorporates rapid runs, arpeggios, and snippets of previously heard themes into a fantasy like improvisation |
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| music, usually instrumental music, preformed in a small concert hall or private residence with just one performer on each part |
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| Latin for “work,” the term adopted by composers to enumerate and identify their compositions |
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