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| Flautist. Wrote "Versuch einer Anweisung, die Flote traversiere zu speielen" (1752) or "playing the Flute" in English. |
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| French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit. |
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| French lawyer, man of letters, and political philosopher who during the Enlightenment. |
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| French philosopher, writer, and composer during the Enlightenment. |
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| Beethoven scratched his dedication to Napoleon from his 3rd Symphony. |
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| Librettist, set the standard for opera seria. Considered the most important writer of opera seria libretti. |
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| English music historian, composer and musician. Wrote "General History of Music" (1776) |
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| English Author. Wrote "General History of Science and Practice of Music" (1776) |
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| Famous soprano. Sung in Handel's Academy of Music. Spouse of Johann Adolf Hasse. |
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| Holy Roman Emporer. Hired Gluck. |
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| Maria Barbara Queen of Spain |
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| Hired Domenico Scarlatti. |
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| Taught by J.S. Bach. Principal viola da gamba and cello player in the court orchestra. Became director of orchestra when Bach left. |
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| Wrote "Introductory Essay on Composition" (1782-93). |
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| Frederick the Great of Prussia |
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| Home of "Empfindsamer stil" |
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| Regarded as inventor of the piano. |
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| Author of "Gradus ad Parnassum" (1725), a treatise on counterpoint. |
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| Music theorist. Friend of Handel. Wrote "Der vollkommene Capellmeister" (1739). |
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| Employed Haydn as his Kapellmeister. |
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| Nikolaus "the Magnificent" Esterhazy |
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| Principal employer of Haydn. |
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| Lover of Haydn. Italian mezzo-soprano, who sang at the Esterházy court in Hungary during the late 18th century. |
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| Gave "Jupiter nickname to Mozart's Symphony No. 41. Born in same house as Beethoven. Brought Haydn to London. |
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| Patron of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. |
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| Father of W.A. Mozart. Wrote violin textbook "Versuch einer grundlichen Violinschule" (1756) |
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| Older sister of W.A. Mozart. |
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Empress Maria Theresa
Emperor Joseph II |
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| Vienna HRE. Commissioned a piece from Mozart. Mozart played harpsichord for them. |
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| Aloysia and Costanza Weber |
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| Aloysia turned down marriage proposal from Mozart, Mozart married Aloysia's sister Costanza. |
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| Employer and patron of the young Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven played viola in his orchestra. |
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| Gave patronage to Beethoven. |
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| Private instructor of Beethoven. |
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| Private instructor of Beethoven. |
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| Private instructor of Beethoven. |
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| Friend and patron of Beethoven. |
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| Possibly Beethoven's immortal beloved. |
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| Philosophy of Classical period. Science was applied to social, psychological, and political problems. Goal to improve human rights, social equality and living conditions. |
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| Ideas of philosophes led to revolutions in France and America. |
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| Tendency to recur at regular intervals. |
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| Academy of Ancient Music (1726) |
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| Period-instrument orchestra. |
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| 18th-century style of music characterized by homophony and elaborate ornamentation. Idea of lighter accompaniment and focus on the melody. |
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| Style of musical composition intended to express "true and natural" feelings. |
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| Type of comic opera performed within a serious opera. |
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| New Italian opera (opera buffa) vs. French purists. |
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| French opera comique that uses pop tunes. |
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| German opera using spoken dialogue and resembling ballad opera. |
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| William Billing's collection including "Creation". |
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| Person in charge of music-making. |
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| When the end of the first section and the end of the second section have analogous material and are organized in a parallel way in binary form. A and B sections tonic and dominant roles switched. |
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| Follows tonic dominant (A to B), then presents modulatory passages leading back to tonic for both A and B material. |
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| AKA 1st mvt. form or expanded binary form, starts with principled musical material, modulates to dominant or relative key, then finds its way back to tonic, recap first section without modulation to dominant. |
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| The True Art of Playing the Keyboard |
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| Famous Mannheim orchestra led by Stamitz. |
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| Two statements of the theme, one by orchestra and one by soloist. |
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| German literary movement of the late 18th century that exalted nature, feeling, and human individualism and sought to overthrow the Enlightenment cult of Rationalism. |
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| Acknowledges Beethoven's deafness. |
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| Stringed instrument with six bowed strings and several additional strings that vibrate sympathetically. |
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| Also called cornett or zink, used in what are now called alta capellas or wind ensembles. Not to be confused with cornet. |
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| An early keyboard instrument producing a soft sound by means of metal blades attached to the inner ends of the keys gently striking the strings. |
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| One of the first pianos named so because it could play multiple dynamics as opposed to earlier keyboard instruments. Also called Fortepiano or Gravicembalo. |
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| Uses "backwards" hammers, with the striking end closer to the player than the hinged end. |
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