Term
| What is the period of communicability for mumps? |
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Definition
| From 7 days before onset till 9 days after the illness. |
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Term
| How long is the incubation period for mumps? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are typical symptoms of mumps? |
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Definition
Fever, swollen parotid glands, and malaise.
***no rash or pox*** |
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Term
| What is the typical route of mumps virus through the body? |
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Definition
| Point of entry via the respiratory tract -> initial local replication in the salivary glands -> secondary viremia |
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Term
| What are some complications of mumps? |
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Definition
- meningitis (10%)
- orchitis (15% of males)
- myocarditis
- nephritis
- pneumonia
- arthritis
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Term
| Where can the mumps virus be found for diagnostic cultures? |
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Definition
| saliva, pharynx, CSF and urine (longest: up to 14 days) |
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Term
| How are viral serology studies used to confirm diagnosis of mumps? |
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Definition
| A significant increase in antibody titer btwn an acute and convalescent serum, collected 2-3 weeks apart. |
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Term
| How effective is a single dose of the mumps vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
| When should the mumps vaccine be administered to children? |
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Definition
When infants are a year old.
+ 2nd dose |
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Term
| What is the origin of most measles cases in the US? |
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Definition
| 60-70% of them are imported from other countries |
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Term
| What are the initial prodromes of measles? |
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Definition
fever,
3 C's: cough, coryza (head cold), conjunctivitis |
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Term
| What are the typical symptoms of measles? |
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Definition
- Koplik's spots (on mucous membranes)
- maculopapular rash (head and trunk, then extremities, esp. palm)
- lymphadenopathy
- patient history
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Term
| What are some complications of measles? |
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Definition
- postinfectious encephalitis (1 in 500)
- interstitial pneumonia
- bacterial superinfections (pneumonia, otitis media)
- subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
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Term
| What is the biggest risk factor for increased severity in measles cases? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age should infants be immunized against the measles? |
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Definition
13-15 months
(+ 2nd dose) |
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Term
| How are suspected cases of measles cultured? |
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Definition
The specimen must be collected early in the disease, from urine or oropharynx. Culturing requires monkey kidney cells. Immunological diagnosis is significant if there is a 4-fold increase in antibody titer. |
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Term
| What family of viruses does rubella belong to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is rubella single or double stranded? DNA or RNA? Enveloped or non-enveloped? |
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Definition
| Single stranded RNA, enveloped |
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Term
| How long is the incubation period of rubella virus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of rubella? |
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Definition
- low-grade fever
- mild upper respiratory symptoms
- lymphadenopathy
- macular rash on the head and trunk, faint in color, lasts 1-3 days
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Term
| What is the biggest worry of rubella infection, and what are the statistics? |
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Definition
- congenital rubella infection causes fetal teratogenicity:
First trimester (25%): 80% in first two weeks, 10% by 3rd month
6% in months 4-5
no major threat after month 5 |
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Term
| What are some common manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome? |
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Definition
- cardiac defects
- eye defects
- nerve deafness
- enlarged liver and spleen
- thrombocytopenia
- growth retardation
- central nervous system defects, retardation
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Term
| What is the pathogenesis of rubella syndrome? |
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Definition
The infection in the fetus can result in compromised fetal oxygenation, impaired mitosis, cellular necrosis, chromosomal breakage, and chronic infection with immune complex damage. =>permanent organ defects
The viral shedding continues causing postnatal damage. |
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Term
| What is the best way to confirm a diagnosis of rubella? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is IgM-specific antibody a good marker for rubella infection? |
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Definition
| It is useable, but not ideal because there are pitfalls in using this test for infants |
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Term
| How should pregnant women be treated with regards to rubella? |
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Definition
| Test for immunity: if positive, then it's fine. If negative, monitor titer levels and stay away from unimmunized children. *Cannot give them the vaccine. |
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Term
| Is Parvovirus B19 single or double stranded? DNA or RNA? enveloped or non-enveloped? |
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Definition
| Single-stranded DNA, non-enveloped |
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Term
Where does parvovirus B19 grow and how does this affect its pathogenicity?
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Definition
-replicates in erythroid precursor cells of the bone narrow
there can be impairment of normal erythrocyte development, causing aplastic crisis (severe anemia)
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Term
| How is parvovirus B19 spread? |
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Definition
| by respiratory droplet inhalation |
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Term
| How long is the contagious period for patients infected by parvovirus B19? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for parvovirus B19 infection? |
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Definition
| Fifth disease: Erythema infectiosum |
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Term
| How long is the incubation period for parvovirus B19? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of parvovirus B19 infection? |
|
Definition
- fever
- malaise
- headache
- myalgia
- "slapped-cheek" rash on cheeks
- spreads to arms and legs in a day or two
- anemia
- lymphadenopathy
- arthralgia, arthritis in females
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Term
| What occurs in aplastic crisis? |
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Definition
| Transient arrest of erythropoiesis (7-10 days), which can cause anemia in ppl with sickle cell, thalassemia, and chronic anemia associated with AIDS |
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Term
What is the result of congenital parvovirus B19 infection?
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Definition
| stillbirth of anemic fetus, extensive edema (hydrops fetalis) |
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Term
| How is parvovirus B19 diagnosed in the laboratory? |
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Definition
*NOT* cultured
- detection by PCR (can be detected in blood for 7-12 days after onset of prodrome)
- or serologic detection: IgM for recent infection, IgG for past infection |
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Term
| What subset of the human population is likely to get roseola? |
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Definition
| Infants up to 4 years of age |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of roseola infantum? |
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Definition
- abrupt onset of high fever
- convulsions
- faint rash occurs as fever begins to subside (3-5 days)
- mild uppper respiratory tract infection
- cervical lymphadenopathy
- rarely, CNS involvement & neurologic complications
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Term
What causes roseola infantum? What are the two subtypes of this virus?
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Definition
human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)
HHV-6B (babies): Causes roseola in most babies by age 2.
HHV -6A (adults): Infects adults' CD4 and CD8 cells.
Virus also found in lymph nodes of AIDS patients.
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