Term
| Pathologists are skilled in the art of examining normal and diseased tissues under the microscope. What 3 components specifically do they observe? |
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Definition
1) Origin and stage of development
2) End products of a complex sequence of events
3) A multistep process |
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Term
| The __________ layer of __________ __________vili is the site of the most pathological changes associated with colonic carcinoma |
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Definition
1) Epithelial
2) Small intestinal |
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Term
| The epithelial layer of small intestinal vili is the site of the most pathological changes associated with __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Thin layer of normal __________ contains millions of cells in constant flux; dying and being repopulated - enclosing a __________ core of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune system cells. |
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Definition
1) Epithelium
2) Mesenchymal |
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Term
| The thin layer of normal epithelium contains millions of cells in constant flux; these cells constantly die and are repopulated to close a mesenchymal core of what 3 types of cells? |
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Definition
1) Fibroblasts
2) Endothelial cells
3) Immune system cells |
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Term
Normal colonic crypts can contain __________ crypts in with normal crypts.
These develop into small tubular __________ followed by larger tubular __________ which are often pedunculate: a polyp attached via a stalk to the colonic wall. |
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Definition
1) Adenomatous
2) Adenomas
3) Adenomas |
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Term
| What does it mean for something to be pedunculate? Can it be reversed (removed)? |
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Definition
1) To have a polyp attached via a stalk to the colonic wall.
2) Yes |
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Term
| Locally invasive carcinomas occur as small islands of carcinoma cells which surround by extensive __________, which can metastasize to the __________. |
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Definition
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Term
How long does it take for the colon to develop into an adenoma via carcinomas?
How long does it take that adenoma to develop into cancer? |
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Definition
1) 5-20 years
2) 5-15 years |
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Term
How long does it take the head and neck to develop into dysplastic oral leukoplasia?
How long does it take the dysplastic oral leukoplasia to develop into cancer? |
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Definition
1) 4-10 years
2) 6-8 years |
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Term
How long does it take the cervix to develop into cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3?
How long does it take CIN 3 to develop into cancer? |
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Definition
1) 9-13 years
2) 10-20 years |
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Term
| How long does it take to develop lung cancer for smokers? |
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Definition
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Term
How long does it take for the breast to go from atypical hyperplasia to ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?
How long does it take DCIS to become cancer? |
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Definition
1) Time unknown
2) 6-10 years |
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Term
How long does it take the prostate to enter into prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)?
How long does it take PIN to become latent cancer?
How long does it take latent cancer to become cancer? |
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Definition
1) 20 years
2) Less than 10 years
3) 3-15 years |
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Term
| The evidence for precursor-product relationships between intestinal adenomas and carcinomas comes from what observation? |
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Definition
| 1) On occasion carcinomas are observed to be growing out of the adenomas. The demarcation can sometimes be precise. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) A procedure which removed adenomatous polyps. |
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Term
After a polypectomy the observed numbers of colorectal cancers diagnosed in subsequent years is reduced by what percent?
What occurs if the adenomatous polyps are not removed? |
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Definition
1) 80%
2) The adenomatous polyps are expected to predispose to adenocarcinoma |
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Term
| When mutant TSG in parent's germ-line cell is passed on to _________, the offspring become __________ for that mutant allele. |
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Definition
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Term
| When loss of heterozygosity occurs a lack of normal __________ activity results in __________ in that individual. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is the process by which colonic epithelial cells acquire increasingly neoplastic phenotypes during the course of tumor progression, with their genomes showing a corresponding increase in the number of altered genetic loci. |
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Definition
| 1) Supportive histopathology |
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Term
| In __________ __________, the number of inactivated TSGs greatly exceeds the number of activated oncogenes present in human tumor cell genomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| In colonic carcinoma, the number of inactivated __________ greatly exceed the number of activated __________ present in human tumor cell genomes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first step in colon cancer progression involved the inactivation of one __________ gene copy. |
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Definition
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Term
In all colonic epithelial cells suffering from __________ __________, the inactivation of one __________ gene copy has already occurred.
Now in each cells (including the __________), it is APC+/- rather than APC +/+
__________ in the remaining normal allele provides a predisposition toward extensive and pervasive colonic carcinoma. |
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Definition
1) Familial polyposis
2) APC
3) Colon
4) LOH |
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Term
| __________ __________ __________ involves the inactivation of the same APC gene as the one inherited in mutant form by individuals suffering from familial polyposis but occurs as a result of __________ mutation mechanisms. |
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Definition
1) Sporadic colon carcinoma
2) Somatic |
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Term
| Sporadic colon carcinoma involves inactivation of the same __________ gene as one inherited in the mutant form by individuals suffering from __________ __________ but occurs as a result of somatic mutation mechanisms. |
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Definition
1) APC
2) Familial polyposis |
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Term
| Repeated exposure of the same tissue to __________ __________ increases that tissues section (and areas close to it) to risk for developing multiple independent premalignant and malignant foci; this leads to __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Cacinogenic insult
2) Field cancerization |
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Term
| Cancer bypass the __________ __________ as our cell's response help block the appearance of __________ in normal tissues. |
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Definition
1) Immune system
2) Tumors |
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Term
| Cancer cells must bypass the immune system for the evolving population of __________ cells to reach final end point of full __________. |
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Definition
1) Neoplastic
2) Malignancy |
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Term
| Since sporadic colon cancer occurs at remarkably __________ rates, cell immunity must be reasonably __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mutations increase __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Like the modern depiction of Darwinian evolution, random __________ are presumed to increase genetic variability in a cell population. |
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Definition
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Term
| In cancer, one cell sustains initiating __________ conferring proliferative and/or survival advantage so that __________ descendants dominate. This results in the __________ __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Mutation
2) Clonal
3) First clonal expansion |
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Term
| Second mutation (one hit per __________ cells) results in __________ mutated cell with survival advantage. This new population displaces the previous one. |
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Definition
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Term
There are two different ways in which stem cells divide:
A: A daughter cell becomes a __________ __________ like its mother; however, the other daughter cells __________ and losses the ability to divide again.
B: In many tissues a more complex scheme occurs in which one daughter cell remains a __________ __________ and the other becomes a __________-__________ cells committed to enter into a fully differentiated state. |
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Definition
1) Stem cell
2) Differentiates
3) Stem cell
4) Transit-amplifying |
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Term
Mutations that strike __________ of tumor __________ cells can be transmitted to descendent stem cells and clonally expand.
Conversely, mutations that strike __________ of __________-__________ cells cannot be transmitted further; they have only a limited replicative ability.
The only exception to this scheme is when a mutation strikes a __________-__________ cell and converts it into a __________ cell |
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Definition
1) Genomes
2) Stem
3) Genomes
4) Transit-amplifying
5) Transit-amplifying
6) Stem |
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Term
As tumor progression proceeds, cell genomes become increasingly __________ and genetic mutations accumulate __________.
The rate of new mutant alleles may even exceed rate which __________ selection eliminates less fit clones.
The tumor mass becomes composed of genetically distinct __________. |
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Definition
1) Unstable
2) Exponentially
3) Darwinian
4) Subclones |
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