Term
Musical Change in the 19th Century |
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Definition
-Messages/stories of revolution -Public ceremonies and revolutionary hymns -Gov't supports opera houses -Industrial revolution changes instruments -Paris Conservatoire established in 1795 |
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Term
Beethoven's Early Period (1770-1802): Bio |
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Definition
-Born in Bonn: trained by father -Service of Maximilian Franz -Moved to Vienna (1792) to study with Haydn -Studied ctp and gained more patrons/acclaim -Sold music, played publicly, taught -Large quantity of piano works (amateur) |
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Term
Beethoven's Early Period (1770-1802): Music |
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Definition
-Sonatas (pathetique, 13) resemble Clementi: octaves, thick changes, diverse dynamics -Larger/heavier (instrumentation, contrast, mvmts) -Melody: move between voices -Harmony: complex/unconventional key relations -No more filler and more minor keys |
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Term
Beethoven's Middle Period (1802/3-1816): Bio |
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Definition
-Strong, established financial backing -Heiligenstadt Testament -Peak of popularity in 1814 |
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Term
Beethoven's Middle Period (1802/3-1816): Music |
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Definition
-Style/form rooted in tradition: Expanded or used in novel ways -Symphonies 3-9 -Eroica (1803/4): Music as drama, thematic links, step progressions -5th symphony (1807/8): Grapple with fate -Pastoral Symph (1808): Country program music -Rasumovsky Quartets (op. 59) -Fidelio (only opera) |
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Term
Beethoven's Late Period (1816-1827): Bio |
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Definition
-Less public works and conducting due to deafness -Most music meant for connoisseurs |
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Term
Beethoven's Late Period (1816-1827): Music |
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Definition
-Conventional form/order rejected -Multi-movement editions -Simplified theme (non-decorative decorations) -Exploration of ctp and fugue -More lyrical, less goal-oriented -Abrupt changes and juxtapositions -Continuity: weak beat cadences, blurred phrases, song cycles as a genre -9th symphony -Missa Solemnis -Last 5 piano sonatas/string quartets, Diabelli variations |
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Term
New Order and the Romantic Generation |
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Definition
-Aristocracy suffered, middle class grew (war/inflation) -Musicians now made money publicly -Niche in specialization: virtuosos -Music became an outlet for middle/upper classes: Relieved social pressures -Improvements in the piano: speed, quality, range -Boom in publishing: Lithography (1796) |
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Term
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Definition
-Composers respected conventions of form/harmony while exploring new realms -instrumental music viewed as an autonomous art -Absolute/characteristic vs. program -Melody: more lyrical, quick tempo, reflective/expressive, homophonic folk tunes, fusion of shorter motives (compound) -Harmony/Tonality: chromaticism and modal mixture, prevalence of minor keys, regular use of all keys, avoidance of cadences, use of modes -Rhythm: greater rhythmic freedom, cross-rhythms (hemiolas), tempo rubato (flexible) -Sonority: Rise of woodwinds, instruments matched with characters/ideas, adaptation/improvement of instruments -Romantic sonata cycle: 4-mvmt pattern, scherzo as third (Beethoven) instead of minuet, varied themes in sonata-allegro -Rise of form: Theme-and-variations, ternary |
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Term
Schubert (1797-1828): Bio |
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Definition
-Born in Vienna: Surrounded by music -Studied piano, singing, violin, organ, ctp, and figured bass -Highly devoted to composition -Widely performed in Vienna by 1821 -Most of his $ was made via publications -Died at 31 from syphilis -Composed nearly 1000 works |
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Term
Schubert (1797-1828): Music |
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Definition
-Strophic, Modified Strophic, or Through-composed -Lieder/Ballad: Elements of supernatural, speak in first person, strophic poems (music is through-composed) Harmony: Parallel M/m shifts, abrupt, mirror emotion; Neapolitan relations; mediant relationships (common tones) related to key image in poem; modulations move flatward (don't emphasize dominant/sharp; D7th/A6th chords -Melody: Lyrical/closed, elements of Viennese dances, project any mood/nuance, attentive detail poem, word painting fulfills musical/structural function -Accompaniment: Pictoral (evoke affekt/image), thematically linked intros/codas in the piano -Symphonies: Lieder-like, Unfinished and Great symphonies |
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Term
Schumann (1810-1856): Bio |
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Definition
-Studied piano from age 7 and composed early -Studied law at university, then focused on criticism and music -Intended to be concert pianist: syphilis/hurt hand -Founded musical periodical Neue Zeitschift fur Musik -Recognized Chopin’s talent -“Band of David” and “Philistines” -Almost all music befor 1840 was for piano -Married Clara in 1840 -Post-1840 focused on lieder genre: Dichter liebe and Frauen liebe und-leben -Died in asylum near Bonn in 1856 after a suicide attempt 2 years earlier -Central influences: Literature (Jean-Paul), Dance (Vienna), Tactile |
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Term
Schumann (1810-1856): Music |
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Definition
-Evocative titles meant to stimulate imaginations -Used ciphers in notation (Asch) -Unity with diversity -Papillions:Dances, levels of sophistication (enharmonic tricks, canons, metrical dissonances), occasional virtuosity, self and other quotation, self-portraits, programmatic finale, literary illusions, title (superficial and symbolic) -Famous Song cycles: Dichter liebe and Frauen liebe und-leben |
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Term
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Definition
-Born near Warsaw, first published at age 7 -Polish nationalist, virtuoso, dreamer, technical master, effeminate, salon composer -Left for paris in 1831 and met leading musicians -Piano teacher -Died of TB |
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Term
Chopin (1810-1849): Music |
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Definition
-Ballade: Sagas, first to describe an instrumental piece, barcarolle, canons, step progressions, compound melodies, out-of-phase return -Nocturnes: short mood pieces w/ embellished melodies and sonorous accompaniments, attributed to John Field -Etudes: 27 total, used to develop specific technique/skill |
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Term
Orchestral Music in the 19th Century |
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Definition
-Central to public concert life -Concert orchestras, opera houses, theatres, cafes, and dance halls -Grew from 40 to 90 players -Change in instruments: Improvements in woodwind keys/tuning, extended range in winds; addition of English horns, bass clarinets, tuba, and contra-bassoons; valves added to horns/trumpets; bass drum and triangle added to timpani (Turkish) -Conductor plays more important role -Mixed classes in audience -Rise of classical repetoire: serious concert behavior (silence), built legacies |
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Term
Chamber Music in the 19th Century |
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Definition
-Also saw rise of masterpieces and classical music -Serious as symphonies -Schubert’s quartets -Mendelssohn |
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