Term
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Definition
| The endocrine system works in partner with other body systems to maintain homeostasis in the body. |
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Term
| Functions of the endocrine system |
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Definition
- defend against stress
- electrolyte, water, & nutrient balance
- cellular metabolism
- energy balance |
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Term
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Definition
- hypothalamus
- pineal
- pituitary
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- adrenals
- pancreas
- ovaries
- testes
- thymus |
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Term
| Endocrine gland and examples of |
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Definition
Ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream. Examples:
Thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries |
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Term
| Exocrine gland and examples of |
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Definition
Gland that secretes hormones through ducts into specific areas. Examples:
Salivary & sweat glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Peptide hormones that mainly work like morphine to suppress pain. Influence mood producing mild euphoria ("runners high"). |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of time required for half of a hormone to be eliminated from the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Insufficient release of hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| A control mechanism that provides a stimulus to decrease a function (like a fire alarm) |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones produced by the endocrine glands that effect other endocrine glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathology of the thyroid in which insufficient amounts of hormone are released causing low energy, weight gain, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathology of the thyroid in which too much hormone is released causing weight loss, high energy, etc. |
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Term
| Define endocrine tissues and give examples |
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Definition
Endocrine tissues are parts of organs that produce hormones. Examples include:
-Islets of Langerhans (insulin and glucagon)
-Leydig cells and follicle cells (testosterone, estrogen, & progesterone)
-adipose stromal tissue (estrogen)
-kidney (EPO)
-heart atria and ventricles (AMP & BMP)
-liver cell (IGF-1, TPO) |
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Term
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Definition
- derived from amino acids or steroids
- exert their effect on target organs
- work at low blood concentration
- concentration is determined by the release and speed of inactivation and removal from the body
- influence ranges from seconds to 30 minutes |
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Term
| What is a hormone receptor? |
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Definition
| A hormone receptor is a receptor protein on the surface of a cell or in its interior that binds to a specific hormone. The hormone causes many changes to take place in the cell. |
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Term
| What does the binding of hormones to hormone receptors often trigger? |
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Definition
| This often triggers the start of a biophysical signal that can lead to further signal transduction pathways, or trigger the activation or inhibition of genes. |
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Term
| What is true of the mechanism of hormone/receptor interaction? |
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Definition
| It is a "lock and key" mechanism. |
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Term
| What 3 factors determine hormone/receptor complex concentrations? |
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Definition
1. the number of hormone molecules available for complex formation
2. the number of receptor molecules available for complex formation
3. the binding affinity between hormone and receptor |
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Term
| What is a common cause of endocrine disease? |
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Definition
| Endocrine disease is frequently caused when glands secrete too little or too much hormone. |
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Term
| Define hyper-secretion, give 3 causes, and name 1 related pathology |
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Definition
| Hyper-secretion is the secretion of too much hormone. 3 causes of hyper-secretion are tumors, auto-immunity disorders, and failure of the feedback mechanism. An example is hyperthyroidism. |
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Term
| Define hypo-secretion, give 4 causes, and name 1 related pathology. |
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Definition
| Hypo-secretion is when there is too little secretion of a hormone. 4 causes are tumors, gland failures, failure of feedback mechanism/loop, and auto-immune disorders. |
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Term
| Name 3 other disorders of the endocrine system |
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Definition
1. tumors can produce hormone-like substances that cause endocrine syndromes.
2. An abnormal decrease in the number of hormone receptors on target cells can block hormonal action.
3. Target cells may have abnormal metabolic responses to the hormone/receptor complex |
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Term
| Where is the pituitary gland located, and approximately how big is it? |
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Definition
| The pituitary gland is located at about eye level, suspended below the hypothalamus. It is about the size of a peanut. |
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Term
| What two segments or lobes is the pituitary gland divided into? |
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Definition
| The pituitary gland is divided into the anterior and posterior lobe. |
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Term
| What are the 2 functions of the pituitary gland's anterior lobe? |
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Definition
| The anterior lobe (1) produces all of the hormones of the pituitary gland and (2) makes many trophic hormones and is influenced by the hypothalamus |
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Term
| What are 3 characteristics of the pituitary gland's posterior lobe? |
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Definition
| The posterior lobe (1) is not a true endocrine gland; (2) does not make any hormones; (3) stores and releases two hormones made by the hypothalamus. |
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Term
| What controls the anterior pituitary, and how does it do this? |
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Definition
| The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by secreting "releasing" and "inhibiting" hormones. |
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Term
| In what order do negative feedback loops affect the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
| Negative feedback loops affect the hypothalamus and then the pituitary. |
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Term
| Name 7 hormones of the anterior pituitary gland |
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Definition
1. Growth Hormone (aka Somatostatin)
2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
3. ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
4. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
7. Prolactin |
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Term
| Growth Hormone/Somatostatin: name its target tissues (3), functions (3), and clinical relevance (2). |
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Definition
| Target tissues are bones, muscles, and connective tissue. Functions: (1) stimulates cells to grow and/or divide; (2) release follows the circadian cycle; (3) releases stored fat and raises blood glucose levels. Clinical relevance: (1) amount released declines with age; (2) sleep and emotional disturbances can affect release |
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Term
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone: name its type, target tissue (1) and functions (2). |
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Definition
| Thyroid Stimulating Hormone is a tropic hormone which targets the thyroid gland. Its functions are (1) to stimulate growth & development of the thyroid gland and (2) to cause the thyroid gland to release hormones |
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Term
| ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone): name its type, target tissue (1), and functions (2). |
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Definition
| ACTH is a tropic hormone which targets the cortex portion of the adrenal glands. Its functions are (1) to stimulate growth & development of adrenal glands and (2) to cause the adrenal cortex to release its hormones. |
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Term
| What are tropic hormones? |
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Definition
| Tropic hormones are those produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary which target endocrine glands. |
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Term
| Give 4 examples of tropic hormones. |
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Definition
| Four tropic hormones are: (1) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), (2) ACTH, (3) Luteinizing hormone (LH), and (4) follicle-stimulating hormone (LSH). |
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Term
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone: give its target tissues (2) and function (1). |
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Definition
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormone targets melanocytes (pigment cells in the skin and adrenal glands. Their function is possibly to increase pigmentation. |
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Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): give its type, target tissue (1), and male/female functions (3 total) |
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Definition
| FSH is a tropic hormone that targets the Gonads. In men it (1) stimulates the production of sperm; in women it (2) stimulates ovulation and (3) stimulates secretion of estrogen. |
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Term
| Luteinizing Hormone (LH): give its type, target tissue (1), and male/female function (3 total). |
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Definition
| LH is a tropic hormone that targets the Gonads. In men it (1) stimulates testosterone production; in women it (2) stimulates ovulation and (3) stimulates secretion of prolactin. |
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Term
| Prolactin hormone: what tissues does it target (2) and what are its functions (2)? |
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Definition
| Prolactin targets the (1) mammary glands and (2) breast tissue. It (1) enables breast tissue development and (2) milk production. |
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Term
| Oxytocin hormone: what tissues does it target (3) and what are its functions (4)? |
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Definition
| Oxytocin (posterior pituitary gland) targets the (1) uterus, (2) breasts, and (3) brain. It does the following: (1) labor contractions (2) milk let-down (3) emotional feelings of bonding and parental behavior (3) makes massage and hugs feel good |
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Term
| What are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
| The two hormones of the posterior pituitary gland and (1) Oxytocin and (2) Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) |
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Term
| Antidiuretic Hormone (aka Vasopressin): name its target tissue (1) and function (1). |
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Definition
| Antidiuretic hormone (aka Vasopressin, posterior pituitary gland) targets the kidneys and aids in the reabsorption of water which leads to decreased unine production |
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Term
| Name 6 pathologies of the pituitary gland. |
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Definition
| Pathologies of the pituitary gland include: (1) gigantism (2) acromegaly (3) dwarfism (4) Diabetes Insipidus (5) pituitary hypersecretion (6) pituitary hyposecretion |
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Term
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Definition
| Gigantism, a pathology of the pituitary gland, occurs when there is too much growth hormone present as a child. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acromegaly, a pathology of the pituitary gland, occurs when too much growth hormone is present as an adult. It results in the bones becoming thick. |
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Term
| Define dwarfism and give a treatment for the condition. |
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Definition
| Dwarfism, a pathology of the pituitary gland that occurs when there is a hyposecretion of growth hormone. Treatment includes hormone replacement therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyposecretion means too little of a particular hormone is secreted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypersecretion is when too much of a particular hormone is secreted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diabetes Insipidus, a pathology of the pituitary gland, involves hyposecretion of ADH hormone leading to increased urine production (up to 20 liters per day). |
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Term
| How is pituitary hypersecretion treated? |
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Definition
| Pituitary hypersecretion is treated with surgery. Radiation therapy is also used if a tumor is causing the condition. |
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Term
| How is pituitary hypersecretion treated? |
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Definition
| Pituitary hypersecretion is treated with surgery. Radiation therapy is also used if a tumor is causing the condition. |
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Term
| How is pituitary hyposecretion treated? |
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Definition
| Pituitary hyposecretion is treated with hormone replacement therapy. |
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Term
| Where is the thyroid gland located? |
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Definition
| The thyroid gland lies on the trachea below the thyroid cartilage ("Adam's Apple") |
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Term
| In what shape is the thyroid gland, and what does it consist of? |
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Definition
| The thyroid gland is shaped like a butterfly, and consists of a right and left lobe. |
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Term
| What are the parathyroid glands, and where are they located? |
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Definition
| The parathyroid glands are any of the four small endocrine glands on the lateral lobes of the thyroid that primarily regulate blood calcium levels. |
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Term
| Name 3 hormones of the thyroid gland. |
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Definition
| Hormones of the thyroid gland include (1) thyroxine (T4), (2) Triiodothyronine (T3), and (3) Calcitonin. |
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Term
| Give target tissue and function (2) of Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). |
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Definition
| T4 and T3 target all body cells, and enable (1) metabolism of body cells and (2) maintain cell oxygen consumption. |
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Term
| Name the target tissue and functions (3) of calcitonin. |
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Definition
| Calcitonin targets bone tissue and (1) stimulates bone/calcium reabsorption, (2) encourages storage of calcium in bones, and (3) lowers blood calcium levels as needed. |
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Term
| What are 6 pathologies of the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
| 6 pathologies of the thyroid are (1) hyperthyroid (thyrotoxicosis), (2) Graves Disease, (3) hypothyroid, (4) Hashimoto's disease, (5) Myxedema, and (6) Cretinism |
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Term
| Hyperthyroid (thyrotoxicosis) |
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Definition
| Hyperthyroid (thyrotoxicosis) is a pathology of the thyroid gland that (1) mostly affects women; (2) has symptoms including increased metabolic rate, excessive sweating, weight loss, fatigue, nervousness, loose stools, tachycardia, and hand tremor; (3) is almost always associated with a goiter. |
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Term
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Definition
| A goiter is an abnormally enlarged thyroid gland resulting from either hyposecretion, hypersecretion, or deficiency of iodine in diet. Goiters are non-cancerous. |
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Term
| Grave's Disease (cause, most commonly affects whom, key symptom, and treatment) |
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Definition
| Grave's Disease is a pathology of the thyroid gland caused by auto-immunity. It is most commonly seen in women ages 20-40. Its key symptom is exophthalmos (protruding eyes). Treatment includes surgery to remove the thyroid, and radioactive iodine. |
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Term
| Hypothyroid (causes, symptoms, and most commonly seen in whom) |
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Definition
| Hypothyroid is a pathology of the thyroid cased by treatment for hyperthyroidism, autoimmunity issues, or decreased TSH from the pituitary gland. Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, decreased metabolism, sluggishness, bradycardia (abnormally slow heartbeat), dry skin. It is commonly seen in women ages 35-45. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hashimoto's disease is an auto-immune disorder of the thyroid gland. |
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