Term
|
Definition
| A specific protein produced to destroy or suppress antigens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Resistance to disease provided by the body through specific or nonspecific immunity. Key to this process is the ability of the body to distinguish "self" from "non-self." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any substance that causes the body to produce antibodies. |
|
|
Term
| Non-specific immune response (natural immunity) |
|
Definition
| A general response to something identified as not part of the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to recognize certain antigens and to destroy them. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Life forms capable of damaging or interfering with the body and its functions. Do not normally cause disease, and exist in two states - commensalism and mutualism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of two states that microorganisms exist in. In this state organisms give little or now benefit/harm to humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of two states that microorganisms can exist is. In this state both the microorganism and the host (human) gain some benefit. |
|
|
Term
| 5 types of microorganisms |
|
Definition
1. viruses
2. bacteria
3. fungi
4. protozoa
5. pathogenic animals |
|
|
Term
| 2 additional classes of microorganisms |
|
Definition
1. ticks and mites
2. mesozoa and leeches |
|
|
Term
| What are the great cause of disease and death worldwide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General symptoms of disease |
|
Definition
1. fever
2. increased catabolism
3. malaise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. incubation period
2. prodrome (an early symptom warning of the onset of a disease)
3. acute stage
4. resolution
5. convalescence |
|
|
Term
| What determines the time, course, and severity of disease? |
|
Definition
| The balance between the strength of the pathogen and the success of the immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body response the same way to all substances that are identified as "not a part of the body." A.K.A. innate or natural immunity. Examples: sneezing, vomiting, coughing. |
|
|
Term
| Other types of non-specific defenses |
|
Definition
1. Cellular response - action of white blood cells (WBC's) on pathogens.
2. Chemical response - substances that can stop or start imflammation, sticky substances that destroy microorganisms. Two types:
A. Complements - proteins that combine to create substances that phagocytize bacteria
B. Interferon - protien produced by virus infected cells that protect uninfected cells
3. Inflammatory response - a coordinated response involving chemical and cellular response to destroy pathogens and begin tissue repair. |
|
|
Term
| Immune structures that aid in non-specific defense |
|
Definition
Skin
-protects against entry or loss of water
-contains sebaceous glands that produce sebum
-up to 3 million microorganisms on a square centimeter of skin.
Mouth
-lined with mucous membrane and is irrigated constantly with saliva
-flow of saliva directed toward back of throat so salivary glads are infected and to trap microorganisms in the digestive tract
-saliva also contains lysozyme, an antibacterial immunoglobulin (immunoglobulin makes it difficult for microorganisms to adhere to tissue)
-tonsils also protect the oral cavity
Stomach
-hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach lining kills most organisms, some organisms can resist (salmonella, eggs of some parasitic organisms)
-vomiting to rid body of harmful entities/irritants/toxins
Intestines
-rely on bactericidal action of stomach
-beneficial flora found in the intestines contribute to normal function
-small and large intestines are liberallly supplied with lymphatic tissue
-diarrhea may be a defense mechanism like vomiting, however this may occur too late to help.
Respiratory tract
-upper: hairs in nose prevent large particles and insects from entering
-nasal mucosa secrete a backward flow of mucus to trap small particles, lysozyme is also present
-sneezing is a protective reflex to expel irritants
Lower
-trachea and bronchi lined with ciliated mucus to trap organisms that passed through upper respiratory system
-cilia shifts mucus towards the pharynx to be swallowed and have trapped pathogens destroyed by stomach
-if organisms reach alveoli, macrophages ("big eaters") get them
-lungs are supplied with lymph nodes to act as filters
-coughing is a defense mechanism
Genitourinary tract
-constant downward flow of urine protects against ascending infections
-beneficial flora in vagina helps to maintain acidic environment which creates a volatile environment
-length of urethra also helps protect against pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Immune system's ability to recognize certain antigens and destroy them.
-ability not present at birth
-can develop memory cells (snapshots) of antigens |
|
|
Term
| Cells of specific immunity (lymphocytes) |
|
Definition
1. T-Cells
-originate in the bone marrow
-migrate to the thymus to become immunocompetent (learn to distinguish "self" from "non-self")
-after becoming immunocompetent, housed in lymph organs (spleen), bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Also circlate in bloodstream and lymph. |
|
|
Term
| Specialized T-Cells include |
|
Definition
-Helper T-Cells: assist B lymphocytes in the recognition and production of antibodies. Can also assist killer cells.
-Suppressor T-cells: Produce substances that help end the immune response
-Killer T-Cells kill tumor cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Grow and develop in bone marrow
-modify and become antigen non-specific
-attach themselves to bacterial and viral pathogens |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways B cells fight infection |
|
Definition
Elimination of extracellular microorganism
-B cells mature into plasma cells once contact is made with antigen
-secrete antibodies
-initial process is slow with 1st infection due to a lack of antibodies. With 2nd infection response time is much quicker and greater due to memory cells
Elimination of microorganisms that normally survive for long periods in macrophages
-primary response does not kill pathogen
-pathogens can survive and multiply in macrophages
-macrophage presents itself with a marker of the antigen
-Helper T cells recognize marker and binds to macrophage which stimulates an internal cleanse
Elimination of microorganisms that infect cells without defense system
-viruses can infect any cell and most have no defense
-infected cell will place a protein on its surface a calling card of the virus within
-Killer T-Cells recognize virus and secrete cytotoxic molecules into infected cell |
|
|
