Term
| What are the 3 types of neurons? What are their functions? |
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Definition
Sensory – takes impulses from sensory receptor to CNS
Interneurons – carries impulses within the CNS
Motor – takes impulses from the CNS to an effector (i.e. gland or muscle fiber) |
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Term
| What are the 4 key elements to a neuron's structure? |
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Definition
Cell Body
Dendrite
Axon
Nodes of Ranvier |
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Term
| What is the difference between the CNS and PNS? (Region-wise) |
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Definition
Central Nervous System: Brain & Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System: Nerves & Ganglia (Cell Bodies) |
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Term
| What is the myelin sheath Dr. Adone? |
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Definition
| A lipid covering on long axons that acts to increase the speed of nerve impulse. |
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Term
| Saltatory Conduction: go. |
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Definition
| Conduction of the nerve impulse from node to node. |
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Term
| What is Action Potential? |
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Definition
| rapid change in the axon membrane that allows a nerve impulse to occur |
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Term
| What are the major steps when action potential occurs? |
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Definition
1. Sodium gates open letting Na+ in.
2. Potassium gates open letting K+ out.
(1 & 2 are known ad Depolarization)
3. Repolarization when it returns negative. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small gap between the sending neuron (presynaptic membrane) and the receiving neuron (postsynaptic membrane) |
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Term
| What makes transmission possible across the synaptic cleft? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are neurotransmitters stored? |
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Definition
| Vesicles in axon terminals |
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Term
| Both the brain and spinal cord are protected by these 3 things: |
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Definition
| Bones, Meninges, Cerebral Spinal Fluid |
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Term
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Definition
Frontal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Don't forget the Lateral and Central Sulcus, they separate the lobes. |
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Term
| What does the Cerebellum do? |
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Definition
| Maintains posture, balance, voluntary movements, allows learning of new motor skills. |
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Term
| What is the midbrain known as? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates breathing rate, head movements. |
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Term
| What does the Medulla Oblongata do? |
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Definition
| Regulates breathing. head movements, blood pressure, heartbeat. |
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Term
| What does the limbic system do? |
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Definition
| Connects primitive emotions such as fear or anger with higher functions such as reasoning. Can cause strong emotional reactions. |
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Term
| What does the Amygdala do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Hippocampus do? |
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Definition
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Term
| The PNS is divided into these 2 systems: |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Somatic Division of the PNS do? |
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Definition
| Serves the skin, skeletal muscles, and tendons |
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Term
| What does the Autonomic Division of the PNS do? |
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Definition
| regulates the activity of involuntary muscles and glands |
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Term
| The Autonomic Division of the PNS is divided into these 2 divisions: |
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Definition
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic |
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Term
| What does the Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic System of the PNS do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic System of the PNS do? |
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Definition
| Relaxed state that slows down metabolism, heart rate, and breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anus
Giggity |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives food, begins starch digestion |
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Term
| What does the Pharynx do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does/is the Esophagus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Stomach do? |
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Definition
| food storage, kills bacteria, begins protein digestion |
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Term
| What does the small intestines do? |
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Definition
| food digestion, nutrients absorbed |
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Term
| What does the large intestines do? |
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Definition
| water absorption, storage |
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Term
| What are the salivary glands? the fuck does it DO BRUHHHH/?? |
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Definition
| SENDS SALIVA TO THE MOUTH BRUHHH |
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Term
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Definition
| Partly digested food leaves stomach to small intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that digests protein |
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Term
| The small intestines receives bile from what organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three major classes of nutrients that are digested in the small intestines? |
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Definition
| Proteins, Lipids (Fat), Carbohydrates |
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Term
| Name two things that are absorbed by passive diffusion in the small intestines. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the stomach mainly absorb? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three things the large intestines absorbs? |
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Definition
| water, salts, and some vitamins |
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Term
| What does the large intestines do? |
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Definition
| Storage of fecal material, passageway |
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Term
| What are the three major parts of the large intestines? |
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Definition
| (Colon) Ascending, Transverse, Descending. |
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Term
| What does the Pancreas do? |
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Definition
| secretes fluids (digestive enzymes), produces hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains homeostasis, produces bile. |
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Term
| What does the Gallbladder do? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the nasal cavity do? |
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Definition
| filters, warms, and moistens air |
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Term
| What does the pharynx do? (Respiratory) |
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Definition
| passageway where air and food cross |
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Term
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Definition
| space between the vocal chords, opening to larynx. |
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Term
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Definition
| Voice box, produces sound |
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Term
| What does the Upper Respiratory Tract consist of? |
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Definition
| Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Glottis, Larynx. |
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Term
| What does the Lower Respiratory Tract consist of? |
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Definition
| Trachea, Bronchus, Bronchioles, Lung, Diaphragm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Windpipe, passage of air to bronchus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| passage of air to alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| contains alveolis (air sacs) carries out gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| skeletal muscle, functions in ventilation. |
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Term
| What is it in the nasal cavity that filters the air? Warms and Moistens it? |
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Definition
| Hair and Mucus! Capillaries! |
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Term
| What drains into the nasal cavities that can lead to a runny nose? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Contraction of muscles attached to rib cage, leads to expansion of chest cavity, contraction of diaphragm, creates negative pressure which creates air flow through the mouth, nose, etc. sends air to alveolis. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| diaphragm relaxes causes pressure on lungs shoots the air out |
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Term
| How does gas exchange work? (Respiratory) (Giggity) |
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Definition
| inhaled oxygen diffuses into capillaries from the alveoli, while the carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction into the alveoli. Both travel through the blood. |
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Term
| What are the kidneys? (urinary) |
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Definition
| primary organs of urinary system, carries out excretion of metabolic waste...peepee! maintains salt-water balance of blood, maintains acid-base balance of blood, hormone secretion |
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Term
| What is the urinary bladder? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| exterior opening chamber that connects to the urinary bladder. |
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Term
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Definition
Kidneys produce urine
Ureters transport urine
Urinary Bladder stores urine
Urethra pees it awl out. |
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Term
| The kidney contains what 3 major regions? |
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Definition
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis |
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Term
| What specifically in the kidney makes the urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Process of Urine Formation: |
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Definition
Glomerular Filtration (filters water, salts, and nutrients)
Tubular Reabsorption (reabsorbs the water, salts, and nutrients to keep)
Tubular Secretion (secretes the rest, aka pee!) |
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Term
| What are Nephrons and what is their function? and their structure |
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Definition
Urine units in the kidney that create and secrete urine.
Made up of:
Glomerular Capsule (where the filtering happens)
Proximal Convoluted Tube (where the good stuff is reabsorbed)
Loop of the Nephron (reabsorption of water & salt)
distal convoluted tube (secretes pee) |
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Term
| What is homeostasis? (in the kidneys) |
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Definition
| maintains salt-water and acid base balance |
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Term
| What is the basic structure of the cardiovascular system? |
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Definition
| Heart, Arteries, Veins, Network of Capillaries, Blood |
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Term
| The heart transports these from place to place within the body: |
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Definition
| oxygen, nutrients, hormones, soluble waste products, antibodies |
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Term
| The heart has 4 chambers: |
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Definition
| 2 atria (superior, above) and 2 inferior, below ventricles |
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Term
| The right ventricle sends blood into the ___ and the left ventricle pumps blood into the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Right Atrium enters into what: |
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Definition
| Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus |
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Term
| The Left Atrium enters into what: |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the names of the two main valves of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the bicuspid and tricuspid located in the heart? |
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Definition
| Between the aorta atria & ventricles |
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Term
| Pathway of Oxygen-Poor Blood: |
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Definition
| blood enters the right atrium which goes to the right ventricle which goes to the pulmonary trunk which goes to the lungs which eventually is transferred to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins. |
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Term
| Pathway of Oxygen-Rich Blood: |
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Definition
| blood enters the left atrium thanks to our pulmonary vein friends and goes into the left ventricle which goes to the aorta which sends the oxygen rich blood to all organs that need it. Eventually when oxygen depleted the blood will go to the right atrium. |
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Term
| What is the difference between Diastole and Systole? |
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Definition
Diastole is the period of time when the heart refills w/ blood after systole occurs.
Systole is the contraction of the heart, sending all the blood out. |
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Term
| What is known as the pacemaker of the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the path of the electrical impulse? |
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Definition
| electrical signal begins in the SA node located at the top of the right atrium, reaches AV node, atrial contraction, IV Septum, bundle branches, purkinje fibers, ventricular contraction, blood pushed to aortic and pulmonary trunks |
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Term
| What are 3 functions of the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
Lymphatic capillaries absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream
Lymphatic capillaries (lacteals) in the small intestine absorb fats associated with proteins
Helps in defense against pathogens |
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Term
| Structure of the Lymphatic System: |
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Definition
Right Lymphatic Duct
Axillary Lymph Nodes
Thoracic Duct
Inguinal Lymph Nodes
Tonsil
Red Bone Marrow
Thymus
Spleen |
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Term
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Definition
| cleanses the blood of cellular debris and bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Site for the origin of all types of blood cells |
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Term
| 1st Line of Defense: (Lymphatic) |
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Definition
Skin
Tears, Saliva, Urine physically flush out microbes
Mucous membranes line the organ system tracts
Oil Gland Secretion
Acidic pH of stomach and vajayjay |
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Term
| 2nd Line of Defense: (Lymphatic) |
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Definition
phagocytic white blood cells
inflammatory response
protective proteins |
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Term
| Specific Defenses: (Lymphatic) |
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Definition
Helps protect us against pathogens when nonspecific lines of defense fail
protects from cancer
depends on the action of B and T cells (lymphocytes) |
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Term
| Where is B Cell made and mature? T cell? |
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Definition
B= bone marrow
T= bone marrow made mature in thymus |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of B Cells? |
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Definition
Plasma Cells- make antibodies
Memory B- stays after infection is gone |
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Term
| What do the T Cells do in response to bacteria/infections? |
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Definition
| produce perforins to punch holes in target cells and cause apoptosis |
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Term
| Who are the T Cells target cells to attack? |
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Definition
| Cancer Cells and Virus Infected Cells |
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Term
| What do endocrine glands do? |
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Definition
| secrete hormones into bloodstream. |
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Term
| Hormone Secretion is often controlled by what? (Endocrine System) |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Hypothalamus do? |
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Definition
regulates internal environment
controls secretions of the pituitary gland |
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Term
| Difference between Posterior and Anterior Pituitary: |
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Definition
Posterior secretes 2 hormones: Antidiuretic hormone (water reabsorbs into kidney capillaries) and Oxytocin (causes uterine contraction during childbirth and milk letdown)
Anterior:many hormones.
Posterior Hormones controlled by negative feedback and positive feedback, anterior hormones controlled by hypothalamus inhibiting hormones |
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Term
| What is negative feedback? |
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Definition
| When the result of a process influences the process itself in such a way as to reduce changes. |
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