Term
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Definition
- Epiphysis: head
- Metaphysis: transition between epi & diaphysis
- Diaphysis: shaft (middle)
- Periosteum: surrounds bone, entrance of blood vessels
- Endosteum: lines medullary cavity
- contrains bone marrow: site of hematopoiesis (formation of new RBCs) |
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Term
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Definition
- Spongy: (cancellous/trabecular) looks like a sponge, closer to core of bone, not stability, provides framework
- Compact: (cortical) outer bone, dense bone |
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Term
Bone composition
components |
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Definition
- Haversian system (osteon): in compact bone
- Matrix rings (lamellae): rings of bony tissue
- Haversian canals
- Osteocytes in lacunae (gaps) |
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Term
Bone metabolism
composition |
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Definition
- Collagen (matrix): non-flexible, keep minerals together, protein, triple helix (ex: jello)
- Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 (hydroxyapatite): phosphate AND calcium |
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Term
Bone metabolism
composition (cont) |
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Definition
- equilibrium (for rest of your life)
- osteoblasts: Ca deposition (building bone), high in alkaline phosphatase (splitting up phosphate to stick it with Ca)
- osteoclasts: Ca resorption (consuming bone); secrete enzyme to dissolve bone, use an acid with help of ATPase |
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Term
Hormonal Regulation
osteoclast & osteoblasts |
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Definition
- osteoClasts: precursors have RANK receptors
- receptor only triggered by RANK ligand
- osteoBlasts:make RANK ligand (stimulates osteoclasts) and osteoprotegetin (OPG) (inhibits osteoclasts) |
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Term
Hormonal Regulation
Androgens |
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Definition
- estrogen: increases OPG
- testosterone: bones have enzymes that transform testosterone into estrogen (even in men)
- androgens stimulate growth of bone (not just length) |
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Term
Hormonal Regulation
explanation |
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Definition
- OPG tricks RANK ligand
- when OPG is there, RANK ligand links to OPG and not to the RANK receptor
- for osteoclasts to dissolve the bone, the RANK ligand needs to be linked to RANK receptor |
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Term
Hormonal Regulation
PTH
VitD |
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Definition
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): CA resorption (takes it off the bone and into circulation (can stimulate VitD)
- gets rid of PO4 so bone doesn't mineralize that way there's enough Ca in circulation
- VitD3:
- renal activation to 1,25-D3 = calcitriol
- increase GI absorption of PO4 and Ca (making both available)
- bone mineralization |
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Term
Hormonal Regulation
GH
Cortisol |
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Definition
- GH: stimulates development of osteoblasts
- Cortisol: removes matrix (protein) - breaks down protein into amino acids to make glucose |
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Term
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Definition
- chondrocytes produce cartilage (and collagen)
- cartilage becomes calcified
- osteoblasts invade (produce a lot of PO4 and Ca)
- occurs @ epiphyseal plate (closes @ puberty) |
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Term
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Definition
- complete/incomplete: greenstick
- open/closed: breaks surface of skin (open) sticking out
- # of fracture lines: segmented, comminuted
- direction of fracture: transverse, spiral (break while twisting), oblique |
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Term
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Definition
- Impacted: head of bone (usually femur)
- Pathological: cancer
- Stress: small little micro-fracture usually
- Depressed: compression |
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Term
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Definition
- Colles': chip off ends of ulna and radius (ex: falling forward)
- Pott's: tibia & fibula, lots of pressure (ex: jump from very high) |
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Term
Fractures
signs & symptoms |
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Definition
- swelling (first response to tissue injury)
- damage
- loss of function/deformity
- crepitus (broken bone frictioning each other)
- pain
- early numbness (nerve damage) |
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