Term
| Conservation (famous politicians) |
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Definition
Manages/regulates use so it does not exceed the capacity of the species or system to renew itself.
Roosevelt, John Muir, Gifford Pinchot |
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Term
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Definition
| Ensuring species ecosystem continuity regardless of their utility, purely aesthetic reasons. |
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Term
| Consumption/Productive Use |
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Definition
Consumptive: People harvesting natural resources for food, shelter, clothes, tools, etc. Not calculated in economy.
Productive: Exploitation of resources for economic gain in economy ($ value) |
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Term
| Public and Private land in the U.S. |
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Definition
-40% is publicly owned
-Most out West and in Alaska
-Obama signed Ominbus Public Lands Management Act |
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Term
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Definition
National parks: 84 million acres, 57 in the U.S., 161 state parks in FL
National wildlife refuges: 94 million acres
Goals
1. Protect wildlife species
2. Provide public access for recreation |
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Term
| Forest have value providing Ecosystems |
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Definition
-Grow in areas that get enough rain for tree growth, most productive land system: Absorb snow and rain, minimize floods
-Reduce soil erosion and improve water filtration rates and recharge to aquifiers
-Provide fish and wilidlife habitat and help aquatic diversity
-Provide goods: lumber, paper,berries, fruit, latex
Major threat: Not only exploitation, but total destruction |
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Term
| 4 types of world forest biomes |
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Definition
Boreal
Temperate
Subtropical
Tropical |
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Term
| Global old growth forests and how in which way in U.S. |
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Definition
| About 50% of them have been removed, or 20% remain. NE to SE to out West |
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Term
| Net Changes in Forest Area by continent |
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Definition
| Asia and Europe only ones to have actual growth in forest areas since 1995-2000. B/C of China's efforts to stop deforestation. Worst in S. America and Africa. |
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Term
| Types of Forest Management (Silviculture-the practice of a forest management) |
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Definition
Rotation- A cycle of decisions about a stand of trees
Even-Aged management- Trees of a uniform age are managed
Clear Cutting- Removing an entire stand at one time, this created a fragmented habitat. Impacts biodiversity and ecosystems, but effiecient and not much MGMT needed |
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Term
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Definition
| Land given the most protection, permanently protects undeveloped and unexploited areas. Mining, grazing, hiking and other activities allowed. No roads, vehicles, logging, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
-67% managed for commercial timber harvest
-75% privately owned (east), 25% gvmt (west)
-Deforestation no longer a problem in U.S. because of second-growth forests |
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Term
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Definition
| -New paradigm for U.S. Forest services principles and goals |
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Term
| Current trend of preserving land and marine areas |
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Definition
Sharp increase for land since 1920's, continues to steadily climb.
Increase for marine since 1950's, continues to grow, |
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Term
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Definition
Corn- Central and South America
Wheat- Africa and Europe
Rice- China, Asias |
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Term
| State of World Food Supply |
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Definition
| Over last 30 years, food production has surpassed population growth. 2.2% to 1.7%. Less than 20% of people in developing countries face chronic food shortages, as compared to 60% 50 years ago. |
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Term
| Reasons for lack of food/shortages |
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Definition
Is mainly due to economic conditions/distrubution (wars, drought)
Like 95% of hunger is in developing countries, Africa it is the worst.
Children are most at risk. |
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Term
| How to increse Soil Fertility |
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Definition
| Add organic matter, best soil in U.S. is great plains, midwest, central |
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Term
| What percentage of the world suffers from hunger and malnutrition? |
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Definition
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Term
Hunger
Malnutrition
Undernourishent |
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Definition
Hunger- Lack of basic food for energy and nutritional needs
Malnutrition: Lack of essential nutrients
Undernourishment: Lack of adequate food energy (Calories) |
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Term
Global Food Price (FAO Food Price Index)
(Reasons for increase) |
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Definition
Currently near all time highs
1. population growth (more demand)
2. Changing diets, China eating a lot more now
3. Higher energy costs (production costs)
4. Diversion of food production to biofuels |
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Term
| The Nutritional Transition |
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Definition
-Meat consumption increases with rising GDP
-Led to more overweight people than underweight |
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Term
| How much of total fish caught is due o aquaculture? What species does fish farming (Aquaculture) provide? |
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Definition
33%.
(ALMOST 50%), oysters, clams, freshwater fish, tilapaia, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Norman Borlaug Nobel Peace Prize
1. Fertilizers increased yields
2. Pesticides controlled insects and pests
3. Mechanization: Increased productivity |
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Term
| The Green Revolution (Pros/Cons) |
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Definition
Pros
1. Yields dramatic increase
2. Large scale efficiency, feeds Billions
3. Pesticides improved yields, eliminate competition with other plants
4. Low labor costs, one farmer work huge area
Cons
1. Heavy reliance on irrigation and fertilizers
2. Negative impact on local water tables
3. Local varities did better, but now being lost or replaced
4. Little to negative impact on small farmers an culturally specific crops |
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Term
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Definition
1. Improved resistance to threats
2. Longer shelf life
3. Added nutrients
4. Reduced saturated fat content |
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Term
| Advantages/Disadvantages to GM foods |
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Definition
Advantages
1. Higher nutrient value
2. Environmentally friendly (less pesticides)
3. Higher yields
4. Increased tolerance to environmental conditions
5. Increased farm incomes
Disadvantages
1. Increased pesticide resistance
2. Contamination of non-GM Crops
3. Effects on wildlife
4. Main beneficiary bio-tech companies
5. Terminator genes ensure repeat buyers
6. Potential (unpredicted) threats to human health |
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Term
| Grain Proportion of Total Food |
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Definition
Grain: >50% food grain
Veggies+Fruits: 33%
Meat, Dairy Seafood: 17% |
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Term
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Definition
| About 25 billion metric tons of soil are lost from croplands every year because of wind and water erosion. Net effect worldwide is equivalent to removing 1% of the world's cropland each year. |
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Term
| What does the atmosphere do? |
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Definition
IT MAKES THE EARTH HABITABLE
-Protects us from sun's UV rays
-Keeps earth from freezing
-Atmospheric Circulation: Redistributes heat and water vapor around the planet,
-Provides us with oxygen, plants with CO2 |
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Term
| How Earth gets energy from the sun? |
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Definition
| All objects emit radiation with energy proportinal to T4. Earth absorbs the sun's energy/radiation and then re-emits its own radiation back out to space. |
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Term
Layers of the Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere |
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Definition
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere- (6-31 miles) Contains ozone layer whih filters out UV radiation
Troposphere- (bottom 6 miles) Contains all water vapor and where weather happens. Pollutants stay here unless rinsed out by rain.
78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen. Water content can be anywhere from 0 to 4%. |
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Term
Greenhouse Gases
(2 most important) |
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Definition
Infared absorbing gases that warm atmosphere, they trap heat on eart.
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, CFC's
Most important- Water Vapor
2nd Most- Carbon Dioxide. Humans have increased consumption by 40% since 1800. |
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Term
| Greenhouse Effect and temps w/ and w/o |
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Definition
Water vapour and greenhouse gases absorb the longwave energy emitted by earth to space.
Temp w/o Atmosphere: -18C
Temp w/ atmosphere: 15C |
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Term
| Climate Zones (5) And how are they seperated |
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Definition
1. Humid Tropical
2. Dry
3. Temperate
4. Cold
5. Polar
Determined by latitude and elevation |
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Term
| IPCC 5th Assessment Report 2013 |
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Definition
Increasing overall observations that lead us to deduce that the world is warming. Less snow and ice, higher sea level, bigger concentration of greenhouse gases.
Cimbs from 1900-1940 and 1980-2000 |
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Term
Primary Pollutants
Secondary Pollutants |
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Definition
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Term
Pollution
Level determined by.... |
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Definition
Presence of subtance in environment that b.c of chem compisition or quantity prevents the functioning of natural processes and produces undesirable effects.
Can be man made or natural
1. amount of pollutants entering air
2. amount of space into which pollutants dispersed
3. Mechanisms that remove pollutants from air |
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Term
| Primary Pollutants (6 types of Pollution) |
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Definition
Primary: Dervied directly from burning fuels and wastes
Suspended Particulate Matter
Volatile Organic Compounds
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen OXides
Sulfur dioxide
Heavy Metals |
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Term
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Definition
Derive from reactions that occur between primary pollutants and other atmospheric chemicals
Ozone, PANs and Acids |
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Term
| U.S. Emissions have dramatically reduced the past 40 years except for.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Combo of soot and SO2 with water vapor
-Common in most areas until 1960's
-Reaction of vehicle exhaust products after exposure to sunlight. G |
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