Term
| What is the Quantum leap or atomic spectra process? |
|
Definition
| electrons absorb energy and jump up to the excited state -- the release energy as light (colors) and jump down to a lower level |
|
|
Term
| What kind of elements are involved in IONIC bonding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to electrons in IONIC bonds? |
|
Definition
| electrons are transferred |
|
|
Term
| What are properties of IONIC materials? |
|
Definition
| good conductors when dissolved in water, high melting point |
|
|
Term
| What are ANIONS and how are they made? |
|
Definition
| Anions are negative ions and they are made when nonmetals gain electrons Anions are bigger than neutral atoms b/c they gain e- |
|
|
Term
| What are CATIONS and how are they made? |
|
Definition
| Cations are positive ions and they are made when metals lose electrons Cations are smaller than neutral atoms b/c they lose e- |
|
|
Term
| What kind of elements are involved in COVALENT bonding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to electrons in Covalent bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two kinds of Covalent bonding and how are they different? |
|
Definition
| Covalent Polar bonds share e- unevenly, Covalent NonPolar Bonds share e- evenly. Polar substance have partial charges and can dissolve in water. Nonpolar substances have no change and cannot dissolve in water. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Covalent Polar substances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of Covalent NonPolar Substances |
|
Definition
| Carbon dioxide, hexane, oil |
|
|
Term
| What are properties of Covalent substances? |
|
Definition
| poor conductors, low melting points |
|
|
Term
| What is Metallic Bonding? |
|
Definition
| when a metal (metals) lose e- into a sea of e-. These free moving e- allow metals to be good conductors of electricity. |
|
|
Term
| What type of matter are Elements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are elements made of ? Can they be decomposed? |
|
Definition
| only one type of atom . and they cannot be decomposed |
|
|
Term
| What type of matter are Compounds/Molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are compounds/molecules made? |
|
Definition
| two or more different atoms bond together |
|
|
Term
| Can compounds be decomposed? |
|
Definition
| yes, they can chemically decomposed |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of mixtures? |
|
Definition
| heterogeneous and homogeneous |
|
|
Term
| How are mixtures different? |
|
Definition
| heterogeneous is visibly different, but homogeneous looks the same throughout |
|
|
Term
| What type of bond is involved in compounds with Polyatomic Ions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you tell if it's an acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you tell if it's a base? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for ammonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the formula for water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of matter are sollutions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the substance that gets dissolved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the substance that does the dissolving |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 colligative properties? |
|
Definition
| freezing point depression, boiling point elevation, vapor pressure reduction, osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| What are colligative properties related to? |
|
Definition
| the amount of solute -- the higher the concentration |
|
|
Term
| How can you see the difference between unsaturated, saturated, supersaturated on the graph? |
|
Definition
| unsaturated is "under" the curve, saturated is "on" the curve, supersaturated is "above" the curve |
|
|
Term
| When do you use distillation? |
|
Definition
| to separate 2 or more liquids that have different boiling points |
|
|
Term
| How can crude oil be separated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should you filter something? |
|
Definition
| to separate a solid from a liquid |
|
|
Term
| How can density separate things? |
|
Definition
| heavy/moredense things sink and the lighter/lessdense things float |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things affect the RATE of solubility? |
|
Definition
| stirring, crushing/surface area, temperature |
|
|
Term
| What 3 thing affect how much dissolves? |
|
Definition
| type of substance, pressure (if it's a gas), temperature |
|
|
Term
| How does increased temperature effect the solubility of gases? |
|
Definition
| it decreases, the curve goes down |
|
|
Term
| How does increased temperature effect the solubility of solids/liquids? |
|
Definition
| it increases, the curve goes up -ex. hot tea dissolve more sugar than iced tea |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 states/phases of matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What phase has the most entropy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which state of matter is "fixed, vibrating in position"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which state of matter is "constant random straightline motion"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which state of matter has the MOST kinetic energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between INTRAmolecular forces and INTERmolecular forces? |
|
Definition
| INTRA means forces inside the molecules, and INTER means forces between the molecules |
|
|
Term
| What are INTRAmolecular forces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are INTERmolecular forces? |
|
Definition
| forces that make something a solid, liquid, or gas |
|
|
Term
| What state of matter has the STRONGEST INTER molecular forces? |
|
Definition
| solids (feel the table or desk -- it is very strong - it has strong forces) |
|
|
Term
| How do you name IONIC compounds? |
|
Definition
| Use (roman numerals) and it ends in "IDE" |
|
|
Term
| How do you name COVALENT molecules? |
|
Definition
| Use PREfixes like 1-mono, 2-di, 3-tri, 4-tetra, 5-pent, 6-hex... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if it starts with H , look it up on Table K |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if it ends in OH, look it up on Table L |
|
|
Term
| How do you name compounds with POLYATOMICS? |
|
Definition
| Use table E polyatomic ion chart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CRISS CROSS method, OR BALANCE the charges method |
|
|
Term
| How are metals and nonmetals different? |
|
Definition
| metals are good conductors and are usually silver/grey and malleable, but nonmetals are poor conductors and are brittle |
|
|
Term
| What are valence electrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When are elements SIMILAR? |
|
Definition
| If they are in the same group/ same valence electrons |
|
|
Term
| What is the atomic number? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number of neutrons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same element, same atomic number, different mass, different neutrons |
|
|
Term
| What is the atomic mass (average)? |
|
Definition
| Average of an isotope's masses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a high probability area outside the nucleus where electrons are located |
|
|
Term
| Where are electrons located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the numbers of protons and electrons in a neutral atom? |
|
Definition
| protons and electrons are the same number in a neutral atom |
|
|
Term
| When an atom loses electrons, what happens to the mass? |
|
Definition
| nothing - electrons weigh almost 0 amu |
|
|
Term
| What is the mass of a proton or neutron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When solute is added to a solvent, what happens to the boiling point and the freezing point? |
|
Definition
| the boiling point increases and the freezing point decreases |
|
|
Term
| What is Ionization Energy? |
|
Definition
| the amount of energy it takes to remove an electron |
|
|
Term
| How does Ionization energy change as you go across a period? Why? |
|
Definition
| IE increases as you go across the table because atoms get smaller and hold onto their electrons more tightly. so it takes more energy to remove them |
|
|
Term
| How does Ionization energy change as you go down a group? Why? |
|
Definition
| IE decreases as you go down the table because atoms get larger and hold onto electrons more loosely, so it takes less energy to remove them |
|
|
Term
| How does Atomic Radius change as you go across a period? |
|
Definition
| Radius gets smaller as you go across because the nucleus pulls the electrons into more closely and more tightly |
|
|
Term
| How does Atomic Radius change as you go down a period? |
|
Definition
| Radius gets larger as you go down a group because there are more shells and the electrons are held more loosely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Draw the nucleus and write the protons and neutrons inside. Then draw the shells/rings and use the electron configuration from the periodic table to put the electrons in the shells. |
|
|
Term
| How do you draw a LEWIS diagram? |
|
Definition
| Write the symbol and put the dots to represent the VALENCE (outer) electrons only |
|
|
Term
| What is electron affinity? |
|
Definition
| The ability to attract electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group 18 gases - they are full and happy - they do not react usually |
|
|
Term
| What are HALOGENS/ HALIDES? |
|
Definition
| Group 17 fluorine, chlorine, etc |
|
|
Term
| What 2 things did Rutherford learn from his GOLD FOIL experiment? |
|
Definition
| atoms are mostly empty space and atoms have a tiny, dense nucleus |
|
|
Term
| Which particle is negative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which particles have the same mass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which particle is positive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which particle is neutral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which side of the Periodic Table are metals usually found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a chemical change? |
|
Definition
| bonds are broken and new bonds formed; atoms are rearranged and something NEW is produced (e.g. burning paper, acid base reaction) |
|
|
Term
| What is a physical change? |
|
Definition
| Nothing new is made - atoms may move farther apart and the substance may look different , but the molecules are the same (e.g. boiling, melting, freezing, dissolving, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| starting materials; found on the left of the arrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ending materials; found on the right of the arrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Releases heat; heat is a product; temperature goes up; H = - |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat is absorbed, heat is a reactant; temperature goes down; H= + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you tell if something is exo or endo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of rxn is : A +B + C --> ABC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of rxn is: DE --> D + E |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of rxn is : A + BC -- > B + AC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of rxn is : AB + CD --> AD + CB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of rxn is : CxHy + O2 --> H2O + CO2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of rxn is : HX + YOH ---> H2O + YX |
|
Definition
| Acid -Base Neutralization |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell if it is an acid? |
|
Definition
| Starts with H (except H2O, water not an acid); pH less than 7; H+ donor; use an indicator reference tables |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell if it is a base? |
|
Definition
| metal with an OH; makes OH-; accepts H+; pH greater than 7; use reference tables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducts electricity in water; an acid, base or ionic salt solution |
|
|
Term
| What is an ionic salt solution? |
|
Definition
| a metal with a nonmetal dissolved in water (e.g salt water) |
|
|
Term
| What is molar mass or gram formula mass? |
|
Definition
| Use your periodic table to add up the weights of the elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rigid, crystaline structures; fixed volume and shape; low entropy; low kinetic energy; strong intermolecular forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| particles flow and move -- has surface tension and viscosity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| move in random, constant, straight-line motion; fills entire container; high kinetic energy, high entropy; weak intermolecular forces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy of motion - related to temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| see table T P1V1/T1 =P2V2/T2 |
|
|
Term
| What is pressure volume relationship? |
|
Definition
| downward curve - inverse relationship |
|
|
Term
| What is temeprature and KE relationship? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is volume and temp relationship? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a test to calculate the concentration of an acid or base - see table T |
|
|
Term
| What is organic chemistry? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times does C bond? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are unsaturated bonds? |
|
Definition
| double or triple bonds (alkenes/alkynes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is substitution rxn? |
|
Definition
| single to single organic bonds with 1 switch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double to single - to things add on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it makes an ester see table R |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| making plastics, etc n(C-C) --> (-C-C_)n |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| e- are a product; ox is loss of e-; at the anode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| e- are a reactant; red is gain of e-; at the cathode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spontaneous; no battery ; needs salt bridge |
|
|
Term
| What is an electrolytic cell? |
|
Definition
| non spontaneous; battery required; used for plating or coating objects like keys, spoons, jewelry; anode connects to + battery side and cathode connects to - battery side b/c opposites attract |
|
|
Term
| How to calculate oxidation number? |
|
Definition
| use periodic table and make eqn with x in it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where oxidation happens - it can be attached to the + side of a battery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is where reduction happens - it can be attached to the - side of a battery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain; Anode is ox. Red. at the Cathode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 element decaying transforming into another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An element and a particle become a new element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an element and a particle become two smaller elements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two light elements (H, He) fuse together and combine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentration of the reactants equals the concentration of the products; the rates are equal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when a system at equilibrium changes - it favors or shifts to return to equilibrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the time it takes for a sample to decay in half |
|
|
Term
| I- 131, C-14, U-238, U-235 |
|
Definition
| I-131 (thyroid), C-14 (dating fosslls, dead things) , U-238 (dating rocks), U-235 (nuclear power) |
|
|
