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| The process by wihch policy comes into being and evolves over time. People's interests, problems and other influences are what make issues into issues for the government policymakers |
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| The political channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the political agenda. Things like elections, political parties, intrest groups and the media are the main and best examples |
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| The issues that attract the serious attention of all people involved or following politics. i.e. health care or abortion |
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| Policymaking Institutions |
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| Branches of government charged with taking action on political issues. The Constitution outlines that the three political branches are policymaking institution |
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| A choice that government makes in order to respond to a political issue |
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| A theory in government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies. AKA Democrats vs. Republicans |
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| A theory in government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the way government is organized |
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| A theory in government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened. |
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| A condition that occurs when no coalition is strong enough to form a majoriy and establish policy resulting in nothing getting done |
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| Liberty in American Political Culture |
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| The belief that freedoms in all areas in life is fundamental to the American Way of Life |
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| Egalitarianism in American Political Culture |
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| The idea that all people are born and are equal and this idea is key to equal opportunity in the United States |
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| Individualism in American Political Culture |
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| The belief that people can and should get ahead on their own. Best epitmoized through immigrants and the idea that peoples own efforts can get them ahead |
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| Laissez-faire in American Political Culture |
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| A part of the individualistic idea in America, it is an economic principal which promotes free markets and limited government in trade and economic regulations |
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| Populism in American Political Culture |
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| The idea that emphasis of the American government should be only concerned with the people to wish it governs |
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- Blank Slate theory (everyone comes into the world at the same level)
-People are made to think the way they are through education or experience
- People are inherently good
-"No person should harm another person to their right to life, health, libery or possessions"
-Ruled by the majority
- Approval of those being govened (consent of the governed)
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| Relationship between Locke and D.O.I. |
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- Natural rights (certains rights are unalienable)
- Popular soverginity and that the poeple are the power of the government
- Equality
- Individiualism (life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness)
- Limited government |
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| Idea that govenrment cannot infringe upon and should defend the natural rights of citizens |
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| Human Nature at the Constitutional Convention |
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| Idea that human nature was more violent and self serving and a strong central governemtn was needed to keep people in check |
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| Political Conflict at the Constitutional Convention |
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| The idea that the central deterent and enemy to government were factions that hurt the governemntal process if left unchecked because groups would attempt to use the politcal process in a self-serving action |
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| Objects of Government at the Constitutional Convention |
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| That the principal object of government is to acquire and keep wealth and gurantee individual rights |
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| Nature of Government at the Constitutional Convention |
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| The idea that power slhould be set agains power so that no government so that no section of power becomes too powerful and that these sections are unified so they arent week and policies aren't enacted |
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- Limited Majority Control
- Seperation of Powers
- Checks and Balances
- Establish federalism |
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| - Opponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were voting on its adoption |
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| Supports of and the ratification of the U.S. Constitution |
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- Political articles written to pursuade the public of supporting the Constitution
- Written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison under the psuedoname "Publius"
- Preached weaker state government and stronger national government
- Indirect election of officials
- Longer terms
- Government by the Elite
- Expected very small violations of individual liberties |
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| A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people. |
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| A way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government |
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| Intergovernmental Relations |
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| The workings inside the federal system- the entire set of interactions among national, state and local governments |
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| Article IV of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treateis supreme over state lawas when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits |
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| The constitutional amendment stating that any rights not outlined in the Constitutional falls in the hands of the States |
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McCulloch v. Maryland
(1819)
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| Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments. Also ruled that certain implied powers in addition to the enumerated powers are given to Congress that are in the Constitution |
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| Powers that Congress has been specifically given by the Constitution like coin money, regulate its value and impose taxes |
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| Powers of the Federal Government that go beyond what the Constitution states and is emplied in the Constitution |
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| The final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution giving Congress the power to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers |
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| Landmark Supreme Court case decided in 1824 in which the Supreme Court gave a broad interpretation of the Elastic Clause and gave Congress more enumerated powers |
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| A clause in Article IV, Section I, of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the official documents and civil judgments rendered by the courts of other states |
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| A legal process whereby an alleged criminal offender is surrendered by the stat in which the crime is alleged to have been committed |
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| Privileges and Immunities |
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| A clause in Article VI, Section 2, of the Constitution according citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states |
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| A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies |
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| A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for poorly lead programs |
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| The pattern of spending, taxing and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments |
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| Fedreal grants that can be used only for specific pruposes or "categories" of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions |
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| Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awareded on the basis of the merits of applications |
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| Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulation |
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| Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services |
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Gideon v. Wainright
(1963) |
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- Sixth Amendment; Assitance of Council for a defense
-Ruled that anyone accused of a felony where imprisonment may be imposed, however poor he or she may be, has a right to a lawyer |
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Gitlow v. New York
(1925) |
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- First and Fourteenth Amendment; Freedom of the Press
-Ruled that Freedom of Speech and the Press are liberties protected by the Free Press clause of the First Amendment and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment |
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- Eight Amendment; Cruel and Unusual Punishment
- Ruled that Capital Punishment or the Death Sentence is not cruel and unusal punishment. Although it is an extreme sanction, it is reserved for the most extreme crimes. |
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- Eight Amendment; Cruel and Unusual Punishment
-Rule that the Death Penalty did not in the past and does not violate the Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause |
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- Fourteenth Amendment; Unreasonable Search and Seizures Clause
- Ruling that forces police to have both probable clause and then a search warrant in order to use ANY evidence in the Court of Law |
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| Evidence, no matter how incriminating, may not be introduced into trial if it was obtained unconstitutionally. Protected under the Fourteenth Amendment. |
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Miller v. California
(1973) |
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- First Amendment; Freedom of Speech
- Ruling on what was considered obscene and not protected by the Constitution
- Work as a whole must have a specific intrest in sex
- Work had sexual conduct that was specifically against obscenity rules of that state
- Work as a whole must lack serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.
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- First Amendment; Freedom of Expression
- Ruled that obscenity was not protected by the First Amendment |
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- First Amendment; Freedom of Expression
- Schenck was incarcenated because he urged for people to resist the draft during WWI in order to uphold his socialist ideas and beliefs
-S.C. upheld this incarceration because of the fear of a clear and present danger
- Stated that free speech is unlimited in public forum as long as it isnt insiteful or "in clear of present danger" |
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| - Abolishment of quartering soilders |
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- Right to Fair and Speedy Trial with an impartial jury
- Right to a lawyer |
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- Right for people to not have unreasonable and unlawful search and seizures done against them
- Warrant must be issued based upon probable cause |
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