Declaration of Independence

Influences

• John Locke
• Enlightenment
• Enlightenment Philosophers

Declaration of Independence

Purpose 

• Declare Independence from Britain
• State Reasons for American Revolution

Declaration of Independence

Source of Power

• People
• Consent of the Governed

Development of Democracy in the US

• Virginia House of Burgesses
• Mayflower Compact
• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
• Townhall Meetings

Articles of Confederation

• 1st attempt at US Gov't
• Strong States Rights - Weak Federal(National)
• No National Executive (President)

Constitution

What is it?

Supreme Law of the Land

Sets up our Gov't

Constitution

How Flexible?

• Amendment Process
• "Necessary & Proper Clause"  (i.e. Elastic Clause)
• Judicial Review (i.e. Judicial Interpretation)
• Unwritten Constitution (e.g. Creation of Cabinet)

Federalism

What is it?

Division of Power

between

National and State Government

Federalism 

Enumerated Powers

• Delegated or LISTED Powers
• Powers given to the Federal/National Government                                               ex. Declare War and Regulate Interstate Commerce

Federalism 

Implied Powers

not explicitly given by the constitution itself but "necessary and proper"

(Elastic Clause)

to execute the powers which are enumerated (listed)

Federalism

Reserved Powers

• Powers not specifically given to the Fed/National Gov't - are reserved/saved for State            
• ex. Establish Schools, Run elections

Federalism

Concurrent Powers

• Powers shared by the Fed/Nat and State governments.
• ex. power to collect taxes

Branches of Government

Legislative

• Congress - House & Senate
• Make Laws

Branches of Government

Executive

• President
• Enforce Laws

Branches of Government

Judicial

• Supreme Court (and all Federal Courts)
• Interprets Law

The Amendment Process

Method One:  Congress 2/3 Vote - 3/4 of States ratify

           Two:  Constitutional Convention of States - 3/4 of States ratify

Amend means . . .  CHANGE

Ratify means . . . APPROVE

Compromise

at the

Constitutional Convention

• Fight was over Representation in Congress
• Competing Plans (New Jersey & Virginia)
• Great Compromise - Bi-Cameral (2 houses) Legislature
• Three-Fifths Comp. - Slave is 3/5 of a person

Federalists v. Anti-federalists

• Feds  - Strong National/Fed Gov't
• Anti   - Strong State's rights
• Federalist Papers published articles to gain support for the Constitution from citizens.

Census

(checks on Pop of Country

every 10 years)

Most importantly...
Determines representation in Congress

Gerrymandering

Drawing of "whacked out"

Legislative Districts for a particular

political outcome.

Electoral College

What is it?

 Determines the Presidential Election

• Most States "Winner takes all" electoral votes
  
• Not always the winner of the Popular Vote

Electoral College

Why?

• Small pop. states needed to have impact in election

• Founders did not trust the general population    

       Originally State's chose the Electorate it was not 

       based on the Popular Vote

Influence on Government

Decision Making/Congressional Votes

• Lobbying Groups/Lobbyists

       Try and "lobby" (convince, talk into)
       legislators into voting for their important interest 

       e.g.  Oil Companies, Teachers' Union

• Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

Amendments

 First

• Speech
• Press
• Religion (Establishment Clause, Free exercise clause)
• Assembly
• Right to Petition Gov't (Ask for a law, complain, etc.)

“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion….”

Separation of Church and State

Amendments

Second

Right to bear Arms

Amendments

Rights of the Accused

• 4th - Search and Seizure
• 5th - Right to remain silent
• 6th - speedy trial, lawyer provided, etc.
• 8th - Cruel and Unusual Punishment

Amendments

"Leftover" Amendments

9th - Peoples' - Rights not enumerated

                       (listed here) are still protected

10th - States' - Reserved Rights

                       Anything not  mentioned - state's 

                       keep.

Federalist Era

Washington

• Proclamation of Neutrality

• Farewell Address calling to continue Neutrality

Federalist Era

Monroe Doctrine

Federalist Era

Marshall Court

• 1st Supreme Court
• Marbury v. Madison - Judicial Review
• Expanded power of the Federal Gov't

Early Westward Expansion

Northwest Ordinance (Great Lakes Region)

Louisiana Purchase

• Doubled country
• Jefferson
• Some say purchase was unconstitutional
• Lewis & Clark

Andrew Jackson

• Spoils system - jobs for friends
• Bank Wars - drove National Bank under (illegal)
• Supreme Court - Told them to "shove it" over the Cherokees

Cherokees

and

Native American Rights

• Worcester v. Georgia - won the case - executive did not enforce

• Trail of Tears

• Indian Removal Act

Dawes Act

Native American Assimilation

(become "American")

Sectionalism

• Division between North/South
• Different Economies
• Different views on Slavery, etc.
• Concept of Nullification (State nullifies Federal Law)

Abolitionists

(i.e. abolish slavery)

• Harriet Beecher Stowe - Uncle Tom's Cabin
• Frederick Douglass - Writer, Journalist
• Harriet Tubman - Underground Railroad

Expansion of Slavery

• Missouri Compromise (nullified by Dred Scott)
• Dred Scott Decision
• Compromise of 1850 (Fugitive Slave Act)
• Kansas-Nebraska Act (let people decide Popular Sovereignty) - Bloody Kansas
  

Civil War

Causes

• States' Rights
• Westward Expansion
• Slavery

Civil War

• Secession - South starts new country
  
• Emancipation Proclamation -Helps the North win the war

• Suspension of Habeas Corpus-civil rights-time of war

Reconstruction and President Lincoln

• Leniency - No harsh punishments
• Bring the South back into the country - Politically

Civil War Amendments

• 13th - Abolition of Slavery
• 14th - Equal Protections All citizens are guaranteed equal treatment and protection under the law
• 15th - Right to Vote - Black Males

Reconstruction

(after Lincoln assassinated)
Southern States Reaction

• Johnson did not enforce C.R. Amendments (Rad. Rep. Impeached him.) as a result . . .
• Disenfranchisement/Voting - literacy tests, poll taxes grandfather clause
• Plessy v. Ferguson - Separate but Equal
• Jim Crow Laws
• Klu Klux Klan

• Af-Am Civil Rights Activists                  W.E.B. Dubois, Booker T.  Washington

Women's Suffrage (Voting)

• Seneca Falls Convention
  
• Declaration of Sentiments

• Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Amendment

for 

Women

19th Amendment - Right to Vote

1920

Laissez-faire Capitalism

• "Hands off"  of business by Government

• Business Organizations: Monopoly, Trust, Holding Co.

Social Darwinism

Companies used "survival of the fittest to support social policies showing no sympathy for driving other businesses out.

Robber Barons

Used ruthless business tactics

• John D. Rockefeller - Standard OIL
  
• Andrew Carnegie - Steel
  
• JP Morgan - Banking
  

First Legislation

placing limits on

Big Business

• Sherman Anti-Trust Act - Limit Monopolies

• Interstate Commerce Act - Regulate Railroad Industry

Pendleton Act

Civil Service Reform - limit spoil system

Collective Bargaining

(i.e. negotiation together as a group)

• Unions - Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor

• Samuel Gompers, Eugene Debs

Populist Party

Farmers concerns.

The Grange

William Jennings Bryan (Presidential Candidate)

Cross of Gold/Free Silver

Source of labor in American

factories after 1880

Immigrants from southern

and eastern Europe

 Nativism

• Native born Americans better
• Lashed out against immigrants
• Passage of Chinese Exclusion Act,Gentlemen's Agreement,  and Quotas
  

Late 1800's Population Shift

Urbanization

Rural (Country) to Urban (city)

• Hawaii

• Spanish American War - Yellow Journalism   (e.g. Remember the Maine)

• Roosevelt Corollary - reaffim Monroe Doctrine with a "big stick"

Teddy Roosevelt

• Big Stick Diplomacy

• National Parks

• Square Deal - conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.

Progressive Movement/Era

(1900-1917)

Muckrackers - Upton Sinclair (Meat-Packing), Jacob Riis (Tenements), Ida Tarbell (Big Business), Nast (Politics)

Social Help - Hull (Settlement House), Sanger (Women's Health), Barton (Red Cross), Dix (mental illness)

Progressive Era Literature

• The Jungle - Meat packing industry (Sinclair)
• How the Other Half Lives - Tenements/Poverty/Immigrants (Riis)

Woodrow Wilson

• Create Federal Reserve to regulate nation's money supply

•  WWI

Red Scare

"Socialists"

• Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

• Schenck v United States 

Harlem Renaissance

Showcase of Afican-American Culture 

• Langston Hughes
• Duke Ellington
• Bessie Smith

Prohibition

• Temperance Movement

• Alcohol Illegal-18th Amendment (repealed by 21st)

Roaring 20's

• Shift/change social values
• People really "loosened up"
• Flappers

mass consumption

• cheaper goods made on assembly lines
• availability of credit

Scope's Trial

Evolution

Monkey Trial

Event that started the Great Depression

• Stock Market Crash
• Run on the Banks

Dust Bowl

Farming - Great Plains

The Grapes of Wrath - Steinbeck

Hoovers response to Depression

• Mostly Lame 
• failed to provide relief to the needy
• Hoover Dam (Boulder Dam)

New Deal

• Package of measures to get country out of the Great Depression 
• Franklin D Roosevelt - FDR

New Deal Programs

RELIEF

ccc - conservation corp

pwa- public works administration

RECOVERY

fha - federal housing authority

tva - tennesee valley authority

REFORM

ssa - social security act

Banking Act - Creation of FDIC

sec- securities and exchange act

How Gov't changed during Civil War and Great Depression

Presidential Power Expanded

Congress saying 'no' to FDR

• Increase size of Supreme Court
• "Court Packing"

WWII

• First neutral
• "Back-door" help (Lend-Lease)
• Entry after Pearl Harbor
• Emerged after war as Superpower

Nuremberg Trials

War Crimes -

Prosecution for - starting with WWII

Baby Boom

Population boost after WWII

Manhattan Project

Nuclear Bomb

End WWII with Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Marshall Plan

(Truman Doctrine)

• Economic aid to Europe
• Goal to stop spread of Communism

Cold War

What?

• Soviet Union vs. US 

• Containment - Stop the spread of communism

• Brinkmanship - do anything to stop communism even Nuclear War

 Cold War

Events

Iron Curtain

 Berlin Airlift

U2 Incident

Cold War

Reaction to Communism

• McCarthyism (i.e. Communist "Witch Hunt")
• House Un-American Activities Committee
• Propaganda demonizing Soviets
• Addition of "under god" and "in god we trust" in Gov't

 JFK

John F. Kennedy

New Frontier

• Space Race - Russians 1st in space
• Civil Rights Agenda
• Call to Public Service 

JFK

Cold War

• Bay of Pigs - Failed invasion of Cuba

• Cuban Missile Crisis - Stand off with Fidel Castro over Russian nuclear warheads in Cuba

LBJ

Lyndon Baines Johnson

• Great Society

       Collection of social "help" programs

• Civil Rights legislation
• Sent Troops to Vietnam/Draft

Civil Rights Activists

MLK, Malcolm X,

Thurgood Marshall

Rosa Parks

Preferred strategy of Civil Rights Activists

 Civil Disobedience

Passive Resistance - non-violence

Peaceful Demonstrations

Civil Rights Act

Legally ended discrimination based on race, gender, etc.

Warren Court

• Supreme Court under Justice Warren
• Civil rights cases (Brown, Heart of Atlanta Motel, etc.)
• Rights of the Accused Cases (Mapp, Escobedo, Gideon)
• Accused of being an "activist" court

Nixon

Detente - improve foreign relations - pull back from Brinkmanship.

Watergate scandal

Resignation on the heels of impeachment

War Powers Act

• President send troops in only with OK from Congress or if the US already under attack or serious threat
• Notify Congress within 48 hours
• Remain no more than 60 days
• A Limit on Executive Power

 Other Civil Rights Movements

1970's

•  Latino American Rights - Cesar Chavez
• Women - Betty Friedan - "Feminine Mystique," NOW - National Organization of Women

Affirmative Action

• jobs -level paying field for minorities, women
• Supreme Court - race, etc. considered as a factor, but no quotas or "formula" (number) approach (Bakke)

Camp David Peace Accords

Carter negotiates peace between Israel & Egypt

Iran Hostage Situation

• Islamic Revolution - took over US Embassey held US citizens hostage - failed rescue

• Cost Carter the election to Reagan

Iran Contra Affair

• Political scandal - Reagan Admin.
• Secretly facilitated the sale of arms to IRAN to secure the release of hostages in Lebanon and allow U.S. intelligence agencies to fund deal

Supply-Side economics

"Trickle-down" economics

Give $ to rich/companies they will spend/invest and it will "trickle down" to everyone else.

Persian Gulf War

To Get Iraq out of Kuwait - our friend and oil supplier

 Clinton

• Welfare Reform
• NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement     Goods flow without tariff between Canada, US and Mexico
• Impeached (not convicted) - Infidelity Scandal - Politically Motivated

War on Terror

George W. Bush

September 11th - Al Qaeda - Osama bin Laden

Invade Afgan. - Longest military conflict in US history

Invade Iraq - WMD - none found.

Patriot Act

• Reduced restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to gather info
• Opponents criticism - indefinite detentions, searches  without permission or knowledge - Rights of the accused?
• Expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism