Term
| What are the 3 components that make up the structure of DNA? |
|
Definition
Nitrogenous bases
Phosphorus
Suger |
|
|
Term
| What is the shape of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which scientists discovered DNA’s structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the steps forensic scientists use to complete DNA fingerprinting? |
|
Definition
Extracting the DNA from cells.
Cutting up the DNA using an enzyme.
Separating the DNA fragments on a gel.
Transferring the DNA onto paper.
Adding the radioactive probe.
Setting up the X-ray film. |
|
|
Term
| How does a DNA strand replicate? Include all of the needed enzymes and the difference between the leading and lagging strands. |
|
Definition
DNA replication occurs through the help of several enzymes. These enzymes "unzip" DNA molecules by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold the two strands together. Each strand then serves as a template for a new complementary strand to be created. Complementary bases attach to one another (A-T and C-G).
The strand formed from Okazaki fragments is termed the lagging strand, whereas the one synthesized without interruption is the leading strand. Both the Okazaki fragments and the leading strand are synthesized in the 5′ → 3′ direction. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Know the key differences between DNA and RNA. |
|
Definition
DNA has Deoxribose and RNA has Ribose.
RNA is single-stranded and DNA is double-stranded. |
|
|
Term
| What is the central dogma of molecular biology? |
|
Definition
| The 'Central Dogma' is the process by which the instructions in DNA are converted into a functional product. |
|
|
Term
| What takes place during replication, transcription, and translation? |
|
Definition
DNA polymerase links nucleotides together to form a new strand, using the pre-existing strand as a template. Transcription is the synthesis of mRNA copied from the DNA base sequences by RNA polymerase.
Translation is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of codons in part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule. Each codon consists of three nucleotides, usually corresponding to a single amino acid. The nucleotides are abbreviated with the letters A, U, G and C. This is mRNA, which uses U (uracil). DNA uses T (thymine) instead. |
|
|
Term
| What part of a nucleotide’s structure can change? |
|
Definition
| The phosphate group (PO4) is what differentiates a nucleotide from a nucleoside. This addition changes the nucleoside from a base to an acid. These phosphate groups are important, as they form phosphodiester bonds with the pentose sugars to create the sides of the DNA “ladder”. |
|
|
Term
| How do you transcribe, and translate a given segment of DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is gene expression? What causes a gene to be expressed or turned off? |
|
Definition
Gene expression. -how DNA affects the phenotype of the organism at the molecular level where DNA specifies the makeup of a cell's proteins. -most genes specify the structure of proteins.
binding of the growth factor causes the receptor to change shape, triggering a series of chemical events in the cell that activate proteins called transcription factors. The transcription factors bind to certain sequences of DNA in the nucleus and cause transcription of cell division-related genes. |
|
|
Term
| Understand the purpose of proteins and give an example of one in our daily lives. |
|
Definition
Protein has many roles in your body. It helps repair and build your body's tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions. In addition to providing your body with a structural framework, proteins also maintain proper pH and fluid balance
One protine in our daily life is Melanin. |
|
|
Term
| What are viruses? What do they do when they enter a cell? |
|
Definition
| They take over and replicate |
|
|
Term
| What is special about the COVID-19 vaccine? How does it work? |
|
Definition
|
|
