What are the four states of matter?

Solid, liquid, gas, plasma

  The state of matter that has a definite volume but no definite shape is called …

liquid

 The state of matter that has definite volume and definite shape…

solid

  The state of matter that has no definite volume or shape is called…

1. gas

  The state of matter that forms when enough heat is added to a gas is called…

plasma

Physical change: A change of matter from one form to another without changing its chemical properties

                  Ex: change in the states of matter; like a solid to a liquid. Also cutting                                your hair

  Define chemical change and give two examples.

Chemical change: A change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties.

      Ex: burning wood, digestion

   The change of state from a liquid to a gas is called…

Evaporation

  Define evaporation

The change of state from a liquid to a gas.

  Why are the particles of matter always moving?

Because they have energy

 Describe the energy and movement of the particles of a solid.

  Describe the energy and movement of the particles of a liquid.

Liquid: The particles of a liquid are farther apart and have more energy.

Describe the energy and movement of the particles of a gas.

Gas: The particles of a gas are very far apart and have high energy.

 List the physical properties mentioned in Chapter 3.

  Mass, weight, volume, density, malleable, conductive, have boiling, freezing and melting points.

1.   List the chemical properties mentioned in Chapter 3.

14.                     Reactivity and flammability

1.   Define density.

14.                     Density: Mass of an object per unit volume; D = m/V 

1.   Define mass.

14.                     Mass: Amount of matter in an object.

1.   Define volume.

14.                     Volume: Amount of space that matter occupies

1.   Define weight.

14.                     Weight: Measure of the force of gravity on an object

1.   Draw Thompson’s atomic model. What do the raised surfaces represent? 

Fig. 2  pg. 113

Label it!

1.   Define atom.

14.                     Atom: smallest particle of an element that can be divided

1.   List the three particles of the atom; give their location in the atom and their charges.

14.                     Proton: positive charge located in the nucleus; Neutron: no charge located in the nucleus; electron: negative charge located outside nucleus in electron cloud

1.   Which atomic particle has the smallest mass?

14.                     Electron

1.   The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called the _________ ______.

14.                     Atomic number

1.   What is an atomic mass unit (AMU)?

14.                     Atomic mass unit (AMU): A unit of mass that describes the mass of an atom.

1.   Define atomic mass

14.                     Atomic mass: The mass of an atom expressed in atomic mass units.

1.   The mass number can be found by adding what two particles?

14.                     Mass number equals the sum of the protons and the neutrons

14.                     An atom becomes an isotope when it loses or gains a neutron

1.   What element makes up about 20% of the air that we breathe?

14.                     Oxygen makes up 20% of the air we breathe.

1.   The properties of metals include: __________

14.                     Properties of metals: ductile, malleable, shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity.

1.   The properties of alkali metals are: ________________________

14.                     Properties of alkali metals include: very reactive

14.                     The combination of all forces is called net force.

1.   When are forces acting on an object become balanced? 

14.                     There is a net force zero.

1.   Define inertia

14.                     Inertia: tendency for all objects to stay in motion

1.   Define acceleration

14.                     Acceleration: Change in velocity over time; v/t

1.   Define motion

14.                     Motion: An object’s change in position relative to a reference point.

1.   Define force

14.                     Force: A push of pull exerted on an object

1.   Define friction

14.                     Friction: A force that opposes motion

1.   Define speed

14.                     Speed: Distance traveled over time: d/t

1.   Define velocity

14.                     Velocity: quantity that describes an objects speed and direction

1.   Define gravity 

1. Gravity: The amount of force exerted on an object

1. Newton’s First Law: (Inertia) An object at rest will stay at rest until an opposite force acts upon it

1.   What is Newton’s second law of motion?

14.                     Newton’s Second Law: Acceleration is caused by force acting on a mass.

1.   What is Newton’s third law of motion?

14.                     Newton’s Third law: For a force on an object there will be an Equal and opposite force.

1.   If two forces act on an object, one with the magnitude of 25 N directed north, and with a magnitude of 16 directed south, the object experiences a net force of _______.

14.                     25N – 16N = 9N

14.                     a = F/m

1.   If a book weighs 5.0 N and the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8m/s², use Newton’s second law of motion to determine the mass of the book in kilograms. Use the previous formula.

14.                     F=5.0N, a=9.8m/s²  m =F/a  m = 5.0/9.8=0.51 kg

1.   Most energy is lost as ________.

14.                     Most energy is lost as heat

1.   Turn to page 323 in your science book. What happens to the temperature as the ice is melting. What happens to the energy as the ice is melting?

14.                     Look at pg. 323 in your book. Temperature stays the same but the ice melts because energy is increasing.

1.   Which state of water has the lowest kinetic energy?

14.                     Ice has the lowest kinetic energy out of all the states of water.

1.   Waves are classified as ________________ and ______________

14.                     Waves are classified as transverse and longitudinal.

1.   Transverse and longitudinal waves combine to form _______________ waves.

14.                     Transverse and longitudinal waves combine to form surface waves.

1.   Define amplitude, wavelength and frequency.

14.                     Amplitude: the maximum distance that the particles of a wave medium vibrate from their rest position.

1.   Define transverse waves and surface waves.

14.                     Transverse waves: Waves in which the particles vibrate in an up-and- down motion.

Surface waves: a combination of transverse and longitudinal waves.

1.   Define wave speed.

14.                     Wave speed: The speed at which a wave travels through a medium.

1.   Define crest

14.                     Crest: The highest point of the wave.

1.   Define medium.

1.   What are the properties of waves?

14.                     The properties of waves are amplitude, wavelength, frequency and wave speed.

1.   What is the amplitude of a wave related to?

14.                     The amplitude of a wave is related to height.

1.   What is the wavelength of a wave related to?

14.                     The wavelength of a wave is related to distance.

1.   At what rate do tectonic plates move along the Earth’s surface?

14.                     Tectonic plates move a few millimeters to centimeters per year.

1.   What causes earthquakes?

14.                     The movement of tectonic plates release vibrations that travel through the ground.

1.   How do surface ocean currents affect global temperatures?

14.                     They move thermal energy from the midlatitudes to the equator.

1.   List the steps of the carbon cycle.

14.                     The carbon cycle consists of photosynthesis, respiration, combustion and decomposition.

1.   During the nitrogen cycle, bacteria in the soil changes __________ into a form plants can use.

14.                     During the nitrogen cycle, bacteria in the soil changes nitrogen into a form plants can use

1.   Name the two main gases that make up our atmosphere.

14.                     The two main gases that make up the atmosphere are nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%)

1.   What results from the green house effect?

14.                     The greenhouse effect is when the greenhouse gases are trapped in the atmosphere and heats up the Earth.

1.   Define conduction

14.                     See page pages 414-415. Conduction: The transfer of heat energy as heat through a material.

1.   Define convection

14.                     Convection: The transfer of thermal energy by circulation of a liquid or gas.

1.   Define radiation

14.                     Radiation: The transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves.

1.   Each parent gives one set of these to the offspring.

14.                     Each parent gives one set of genes to the offspring

1.   What is the advantage of sexual reproduction?

14.                     An advantage of sexual reproduction: genetic variation.

1.   A plant with two dominant OR two recessive alleles is said to be _______________>

14.                     A plant with two dominant or two recessive alleles is said to be homozygous.

1.   In meiosis the chromosomes are copied __________ and the nucleus divides ____________.

14.                      In meiosis the chromosomes are copied once and the nucleus divides twice.

1.   The process in which cells divide in asexual reproduction is called________  ____________.

14.                     The process in which cells divide in mitosis is called asexual reproduction.

1.   How do body cells reproduce?

14.                     Body cells reproduce through asexual reproduction

1.   Besides heredity, what else can influence traits?

14.                     Besides heredity, the environment can have an influence on traits.

1.   What are homologous chromosomes?

14.                     Homologous chromosomes: Chromosomes that carry the same set of genes.

1.   What is heredity?

14.                     Heredity: Traits passing from parents to offspring.

1.   What is a phenotype?

1.   What is a genotype?

14.                     Genotype: The genetic make-up of an organism.

1.   Define incomplete dominance

14.                     Incomplete dominance: a situation when one trait is not completely dominant over another

1.   Define probability.

14.                     Probability: the mathematical chance that something will happen

1.   Draw Punnett square and show the cross between PP X Pp?

14.                     A Punnett Square: Copy figure 3 on page 576. Pp x Pp

1.   If purple P is dominant and white p is recessive, what color will one out of four of the offspring be?

14.                     One out of four flowers will be white

1.   What is the probability that the offspring’s genotype will be pp?

14.                     There is a 25% chance that the offspring will be There is a 50% chance that the offspring will have the same genotype as their parents.