Term
| Geomorphic hazards are particularly great in the Andes because |
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Definition
- They are young, steep mountains
- They are tectonically active
- They have pro-glacial lakes
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Term
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Definition
Huascaran, caused by a 50 degree change in temp in a matter of minutes
4000 fatalities. Ranrahirca destroyed, Yungay protected by ridge |
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Term
| Why did the Incas perform Human sacrifices (4) |
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Definition
Volcanic eruptions
Drought events
natural hazards like avalanches
Expansion of Inca empire
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Term
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Definition
| Mt Huascaran, caused by a 7.7 earthquake and had snow and rock debris, killed 20,000 people, Yungay no longer protected. Earthquake also destroyed Huaraz |
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Term
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Definition
| Lake Palca flooded and killed 6000 people in Huaraz |
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Term
| Significance of Lago Paron |
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Definition
| Could have an outburst at any time because glacier ice might fall in and cause a flood |
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Term
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Definition
| 500 year old mummy found in Peruvian andes |
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Term
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Definition
| 5000 year old mummy found in Tyrolean Alps |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| elevation of treeline corresponds with (3) |
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Definition
- minimum growing season
- wind
- geomorphic disturbance- avalanches
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Term
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Definition
montane
subalpine
treeline
Alpine
Nival |
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Term
| Alpine Environmental conditions |
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Definition
cold
temps may change rapidly
windy
poor soil quality
High UV exposure |
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Term
| Adaptations to the alpine environment |
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Definition
-being short
-low growth rates
High root:shoot ratio
tolerance to low temps |
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Term
| What cause nsfc to grow to 10 mm on Illimani |
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Definition
Temp gradients of 161 C
diurnal swings of 7.8 C
high solar radiation
dust layers
Temperatures always below 0 C
Cooling from long wave radiation |
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Term
| Alpine Mesotopographic gradient |
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Definition
Fellfield
snowbed
Moist meadow-most probable to change
wet meadow
dry meadow |
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Term
| How does N affect alpine plants |
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Definition
| changes species composition because the ones that can handle more N outcompete others |
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Term
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Definition
Twisted wood/dwarf trees
leeward side accumulates snow |
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Term
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Definition
closed forest>patch forest>krummholz
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Term
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Definition
| caused by snow drifts that accumulate behind suppress subsequent tree growth (create ribbons/lines of trees) |
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Term
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Definition
| krummholz turning into tree due to change in temperature/wind |
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Term
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Definition
reproduce vegetatively
hundreds of trees in single island
all the same individual usually |
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Term
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Definition
snow insulates ground (increase temp)
free water
shields veg from high winds |
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Term
| 4 ways pikas are affected by climate change |
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Definition
- Warm temp in the summer causes heat-avoidance behavior and it leads to a decrease in foraging
- climate change changes the growing season of certain plants that pikas need
- Experience winter cold stress because the snowpack isn't thick enough to insulate them
- Driving habitat uphill
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Term
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Definition
- Soil organic matter contains organic N
- Microbes mineralize organic N to ammonium and nitrate (ammonification and nitrification)
- Plants use/ assimilate nitrogen
- Returns to SOM as plants decompose
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Term
| 2 differrent to science and policy |
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Definition
Science driven policy
precautionary policy |
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Term
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Definition
inc. acidity
inc. metals
inc. sulfates
inc. suspended solids |
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Term
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Definition
| pyrite + water + air = low pH & metals |
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